{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T15:19:33Z","timestamp":1793978373767,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T16:20:31Z","timestamp":1607530831000},"page":"110448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Downregulation of microRNA-146a in diabetes, obesity and hypertension may contribute to severe COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Jelena","family":"Roganovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3313","article-title":"Is a \u201cCytokine Storm\u201d Relevant to COVID-19?","volume":"180","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, et al. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ. 2020; 368: m1091.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1091"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41544-018-0004-7","article-title":"microRNAs in viral acute respiratory infections: immune regulation, biomarkers, therapy, and vaccines","volume":"1","author":"Leon-Icaza","year":"2019","journal-title":"ExRNA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shivdasani RA. MicroRNAs: regulators of gene expression and cell differentiation. Blood. 2006;108(12):3646-3653.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-01-030015"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1919710","article-title":"Emerging paradigms of regulated microRNA processing","volume":"24","author":"Newman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proghi.2016.06.001","article-title":"Intracellular and extracellular microRNA: an update on localization and biological role","volume":"51","author":"Makarova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Histochem Cytochem"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12688","article-title":"Extracellular microRNAs and endothelial hyperglycaemic memory: a therapeutic opportunity?","volume":"18","author":"Prattichizzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2009.05.003","article-title":"microRNAs and the immune response","volume":"9","author":"Tsitsiou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2222","article-title":"The role of miR\u2010146a in viral infection","volume":"72","author":"Nahand","year":"2020","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus\u2013infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-020-01626-9","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China","volume":"109","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. (2020). Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med 2020; 180(7): 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0994"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22831","article-title":"High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus\u20102 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation","volume":"28","author":"Simonnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2020.04.001","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 in Spanish intensive care units: early experience with 15-day survival in Vitoria","volume":"39","author":"Barrasa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesthesia Crit Care Pain Med"},{"issue":"10236","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31024-2","article-title":"Obesity could shift severe COVID-19 disease to younger ages","volume":"395","author":"Kass","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.012","article-title":"Risk factors for disease severity, unimprovement, and mortality in COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0085","first-page":"156","article-title":"Association of MiR-146a expression and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Alipoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Cell Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.2174\/2211536607666180402120806","article-title":"Influence of overweight and obesity on circulating inflammation-related microRNA","volume":"7","author":"Hijmans","year":"2018","journal-title":"MIRNA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-018-0061-2","article-title":"Association between hypertension and circulating vascular-related microRNAs","volume":"32","author":"Hijmans","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1331","article-title":"Signaling via the NF\u03baB system: Signaling via the NF\u03baB system","volume":"8","author":"Mitchell","year":"2016","journal-title":"WIREs Syst Biol Med"},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12481","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605298103","article-title":"NF-kappaB-dependent induction of microRNA miR-146, an inhibitor targeted to signaling proteins of innate immune responses","volume":"103","author":"Taganov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00578","article-title":"MicroRNA-146a: a dominant, negative regulator of the innate immune response","volume":"5","author":"Saba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0115","unstructured":"Liu Z, Wang J, Xu Y, Guo M, Mi K, Xu R, Hu Z. Implications of the virus-encoded miRNA and host miRNA in the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. 2020: arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.04874."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2016.11.003","article-title":"MicroRNA regulation of RNA virus replication and pathogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Trobaugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang H, Zhang Y, Wu X, et al. Regulation of human natural killer cell IFN-\u03b3 production by microRNA-146a via targeting the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. Front Immunol 2018;9:293.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00293"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.113","article-title":"miR-146a negatively regulates NK cell functions via STAT1 signaling","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbior.2020.100737","article-title":"NK cells: a double edge sword against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"77","author":"Masselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Biol Regul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6890501","article-title":"MicroRNA and microvascular complications of diabetes","volume":"2018","author":"Barutta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bortone F, Scandiffio L, Marcuzzo S, et al. miR-146a in myasthenia gravis thymus bridges innate immunity with autoimmunity and is linked to therapeutic effects of corticosteroids. Front Immunol 2020;11:142.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00142"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambert KA, Roff AN, Panganiban RP, Douglas S, Ishmael FT. MicroRNA-146a is induced by inflammatory stimuli in airway epithelial cells and augments the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. PLoS One 2018;13(10):e0205434.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205434"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0155","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reduced plasma miR-146a is a predictor of poor coronary collateral circulation in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"2016","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S213535","article-title":"The expression of microRNA 146a in patients with ischemic stroke: an observational study","volume":"12","author":"Kotb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9820","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009820","article-title":"Circulating miR-146a\/b correlates with inflammatory cytokines in COPD and could predict the risk of acute exacerbation COPD","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24436","article-title":"MicroRNA-146a contributes to abnormal activation of the type I interferon pathway in human lupus by targeting the key signaling proteins","volume":"60","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9184","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105398108","article-title":"NF-kappaB dysregulation in microRNA-146a-deficient mice drives the development of myeloid malignancies","volume":"108","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.08.012","article-title":"Function of miR-146a in controlling Treg cell-mediated regulation of Th1 responses","volume":"142","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-019-0186-5","article-title":"MicroRNA-146a protects against myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury by targeting Med1","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.05.022","article-title":"MicroRNA-146a alleviates chronic skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis through suppression of innate immune responses in keratinocytes","volume":"134","author":"Rebane","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987720333399?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987720333399?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T19:21:08Z","timestamp":1759692068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306987720333399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S0306987720333399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-9877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-9877","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Downregulation of microRNA-146a in diabetes, obesity and hypertension may contribute to severe COVID-19","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Medical Hypotheses","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110448","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110448"}}