{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T11:54:02Z","timestamp":1779364442960,"version":"3.53.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T03:48:41Z","timestamp":1610077721000},"page":"110479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Could COVID-19 anosmia and olfactory dysfunction trigger an increased risk of future dementia in patients with ApoE4?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Ciro","family":"Manzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Serra-Mestres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Isetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Castagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00640-3","article-title":"Immediate and long-term consequences of COVID-19 infections for the development of neurological disease","volume":"12","author":"Heneka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30287-X","article-title":"Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study","volume":"7","author":"Varatharaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008597","article-title":"Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"382","author":"Helms","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kacem I, Gharbi A, Harizi C, et al. Characteristics, onset, and evolution of neurological symptoms in patients with COVID-19. . 2020 Nov 17 : 1\u20138. doi: [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04866-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasti M, Nalleballe K, Dandu V, Onteddu S. A review of pathophysiology and neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19. J Neurol. 2020 Jun 3: 1\u20136. doi: 10.1007\/s00415-020-09950-w [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09950-w"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.05.017","article-title":"Anosmia in COVID-19 patients","author":"Hornuss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820929185","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction and sinonasal symptomatology in COVID-19: prevalence, severity, timing, and associated characteristics","volume":"163","author":"Speth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 277: :2251-2261. doi: 10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06024-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dub\u00e8 M, Le Coupanec A, Wong AHM, Rini JM, Desforges M, Talbot PJ. Axonal transport enables neuron-to-neuron propagation of human coronavirus OC43. J Virol 2018; 92:e00404-18. .","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00404-18"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(91)90006-6","article-title":"The distribution of tangles, plaques and related histochemical markers in healthy aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Price","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2005-7208","article-title":"Olfactory involvement in aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an autopsy study","volume":"7","author":"Attems","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.099721","article-title":"The relationship between cerebral Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology and odour identification in old age","volume":"78","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000087446","article-title":"The rush memory and aging project: study design and baseline characteristics of the study cohort","volume":"25","author":"Bennett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson RS, Arnold SE, Julie A. Schneider JA, Patricia A. Boyle PA, Aron S. Buchman AS, and David A. Bennett DA. Olfactory Impairment in presymptomatic Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009; 1170: 730\u2013735.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04013.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.06.020","article-title":"Combining early markers strongly predicts conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease","volume":"64","author":"Devanand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.6.739","article-title":"Anosmia in dementia is associated with Lewy bodies rather than Alzheimer\u2019s pathology","volume":"70","author":"McShane","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.032003","article-title":"Anosmia is very common in the Lewy body variant of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"76","author":"Olichney","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490509439","article-title":"The effect of the ApoE \u03b54 allele on recognition memory for olfactory and visual stimuli in patients with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease, probableAlzheimer's disease, and healthy elderly controls","volume":"26","author":"Gilbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(94)05402-5","article-title":"Arginine residues at codons 112 and 158 in the apolipoprotein E gene correspond to the ancestral state in humans","volume":"112","author":"Hanlon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4558","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds296","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid APOE levels: an endophenotype for genetic studies for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Cruchaga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2620","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E and its receptors in Alzheimer\u2019s disease:pathways, pathogenesis and therapy","volume":"10","author":"Bu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0004-z","article-title":"Gain of toxic apolipoprotein e4 effects in human ipsc-derived neurons is ameliorated by a small-molecule structure corrector","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8346443","article-title":"Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in late onset families","volume":"261","author":"Corder","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0120","first-page":"739","article-title":"ApoE4-induced cholesterol dysregulation and its brain cell type-specific implications in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"42","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2247-3","article-title":"APOE4 leads to blood-brain barrier dysfunction predicting cognitive decline","volume":"581","author":"Montagne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2018.0819","article-title":"Olfactory Dysfunction and Its Relationship with Clinical Symptoms of Alzheimer Disease","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.11.014","article-title":"Olfaction in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"29","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1159\/000048618","article-title":"Impaired olfaction predicts cognitive decline in nondemented older adults","volume":"21","author":"Swan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.003","article-title":"Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"7","author":"Sperling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"522","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0150","article-title":"Dementia is not synonymous with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"11","author":"Clifford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"267","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0155","first-page":"2777","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and evidence of neurological involvement in 2019 novel coronavirus SARSCoV2: a systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cina JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201709069","article-title":"Microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"217","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anwar MM, , Badawi AM, Nadia A, Eltablawy Can the coronavirus infection penetrates the brain resulting in sudden anosmia followed by severe neurological disorders? eNeurologicalSci 21 (2020) 100290, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ensci.2020.100290.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2020.100290"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04512-4","article-title":"Dementia care and COVID-19 pandemic: a necessary digital revolution","volume":"41","author":"Cuffaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0180","first-page":"716","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: at the crossroad between aging and","volume":"35","author":"Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurodegeneration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200537","article-title":"Potential novel role of COVID-19 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and preventative mitigation strategies","volume":"76","author":"Naughton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.11.019","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor protein expression in human hippocampus; stability with age","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0195","first-page":"82","article-title":"Behavioral, psychiatric, and cognitive adverse events in older persons treated with glucocorticoids","volume":"5","author":"Manzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicines (Basel)"},{"issue":"183","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.028","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 on the nervous system","volume":"1","author":"Iadecola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa131","article-title":"APOE e4 genotype predicts severe COVID-19 in the UK Biobank community cohort","volume":"75","author":"Kuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finch EC, Kulminski AM. The ApoE Locus and COVID-19: Are We Going Where We Have Been? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2020, Vol. XX, No. XX, 1\u20133 doi:10.1093\/gerona\/glaa200.","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa200"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.01.032","article-title":"APO\u03b54 is associated with enhanced in vivo innate immune responses in human subjects","volume":"134","author":"Gale","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987720333703?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987720333703?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T19:21:42Z","timestamp":1759692102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306987720333703"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0306987720333703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-9877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-9877","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Could COVID-19 anosmia and olfactory dysfunction trigger an increased risk of future dementia in patients with ApoE4?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Medical Hypotheses","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110479","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110479"}}