{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:37:36Z","timestamp":1791873456422,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]],"date-time":"2008-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1201824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]],"date-time":"2008-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1201824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","metabolismjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,11]],"date-time":"2008-01-11T11:03:15Z","timestamp":1200049395000},"page":"183-191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":310,"title":["Hypovitaminosis D in obese children and adolescents: relationship with adiposity, insulin sensitivity, ethnicity, and season"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Ramin","family":"Alemzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Kichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghufran","family":"Babar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariaelena","family":"Calhoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1678S","article-title":"Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"80","author":"Holick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(07)70200-8","article-title":"Vitamin D endocrine system and the genetic susceptibility to diabetes, obesity and vascular disease. A review of evidence","volume":"31","author":"Reis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-117-5-1765","article-title":"Time course study of insulin secretion after 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 administration","volume":"117","author":"Kadowaki","year":"1985","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.4.8137721","article-title":"1,25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 and pancreatic \u03b2-cell function: vitamin D receptors, gene expression, and insulin secretion","volume":"134","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(95)01040-K","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels decreased in impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Scragg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0946","article-title":"Vitamin D status and glucose homeostasis in the 1958 British birth cohort: the role of obesity","volume":"29","author":"Hypponen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4119","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0216","article-title":"Adiposity in relation to vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone levels: a population-based study in older men and women","volume":"90","author":"Snijder","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib8","series-title":"Vitamin D, basic and clinical aspects","first-page":"259","article-title":"The metabolism, physiology and function of vitamin D","author":"DeLuca","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.6.1108","article-title":"Sunlight, season, skin pigmentation, vitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D: integral components of the vitamin D endocrine system","volume":"67","author":"Norman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530210037027","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in homebound elderly persons","volume":"274","author":"Gloth","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02509538","article-title":"Assessment of vitamin D nutritional and hormonal status: what to measure and how to do it","volume":"58","author":"Hollis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.12.071","article-title":"13th workshop consensus for vitamin D nutritional guidelines","volume":"103","author":"Norman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.2.206","article-title":"Vitamin D status affects serum parathyroid hormone concentrations during winter in female adolescents: associations with forearm bone mineral density","volume":"74","author":"Outila","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.6.531","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy adolescents","volume":"158","author":"Gordon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280504400806","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency in preadolescent African-American children","volume":"44","author":"Rajakumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1510167","article-title":"Serum parathyroid hormone level is associated with body mass index. The 5th Tromso study","volume":"151","author":"Kamycheva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031398","article-title":"The relationship between obesity and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations in healthy adults","volume":"89","author":"Parikh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2005.01487.x","article-title":"Vitamin D and calcium deficits predispose to multiple chronic diseases","volume":"35","author":"Peterlik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.11.2602","article-title":"Season and ethnicity are determinants of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in New Zealand children aged 5-14 y","volume":"135","author":"Rockell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.5.820","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell dysfunction","volume":"79","author":"Chiu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1802-7","article-title":"Vitamin D and diabetes","volume":"48","author":"Mathieu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00692-0","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of adolescents and adults in two seasonal subpopulations from NHANES III","volume":"30","author":"Looker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1656-8","article-title":"Low levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D are associated with elevated parathyroid hormone in healthy adolescent females","volume":"16","author":"Harkness","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(03)00227-5","article-title":"PTH excess may promote weight gain by impeding catecholamine-induced lipolysis-implications for the impact of calcium, vitamin D, and alcohol on body weight","volume":"61","author":"McCarty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7244.1240","article-title":"Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey","volume":"320","author":"Cole","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(07)70228-8","article-title":"Reliability of bioimpedance analysis compared with other adiposity measurements in children: the FLVS II study","volume":"31","author":"Lommez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2005.03.040","article-title":"Which alternative method to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessing body composition in overweight and obese adolescents?","volume":"12","author":"Lazzer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.4.908","article-title":"Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency: new guidelines for vitamin D intake","volume":"111","author":"Gartner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.7.6661","article-title":"Quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans","volume":"85","author":"Katz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.7.1914","article-title":"Assessing the predictive accuracy of QUICKI as a surrogate index for insulin sensitivity using a calibration model","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib33","series-title":"Sociological methodology","first-page":"290","article-title":"Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models","author":"Sobel","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-67-2-373","article-title":"Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin","volume":"67","author":"Webb","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.10.2478","article-title":"Vitamin D intakes by children and adults in the United States differ among ethnic groups","volume":"135","author":"Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1759S","article-title":"Issues in establishing vitamin D recommendations for infants and children","volume":"80","author":"Greer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.1.124","article-title":"A prospective analysis of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in white and black prepubertal females in the southeastern United States","volume":"85","author":"Willis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.649","article-title":"The urgent need to recommend an intake of vitamin D that is effective","volume":"85","author":"Vieth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555135","article-title":"Low circulating vitamin D in obesity","volume":"43","author":"Liel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.14.9.1132","article-title":"Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium","volume":"14","author":"Zemel","year":"2000","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2002.10719213","article-title":"Calcium and weight: clinical studies","volume":"21","author":"Heaney","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib42","first-page":"102","article-title":"Intakes of calcium and vitamin D predict body mass index in the population of northern Norway","volume":"132","author":"Kamycheva","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980170156","article-title":"Effects of race on diurnal patterns of renal conservation of calcium and bone resorption in premenopausal women","volume":"12","author":"Bell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib44","first-page":"1642","article-title":"Racial differences in PTH dynamics","volume":"79","author":"Fuleihan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900694","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone secretory response to EDTA-induced hypocalcemia in black and white premenopausal women","volume":"65","author":"Cosman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2003983","article-title":"Evaluation of two foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analyses to assess body composition in overweight and obese adolescents","volume":"90","author":"Lazzer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"}],"container-title":["Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0026049507003198?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0026049507003198?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T03:24:57Z","timestamp":1758425097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0026049507003198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0026049507003198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-0495"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-0495","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hypovitaminosis D in obese children and adolescents: relationship with adiposity, insulin sensitivity, ethnicity, and season","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.08.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}