{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:09:36Z","timestamp":1789776576097,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","metabolismjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,27]],"date-time":"2014-08-27T02:30:38Z","timestamp":1409106638000},"page":"1528-1535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Pre-diabetes in overweight youth and early atherogenic risk"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Stephen F.","family":"Burns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SoJung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fida","family":"Bacha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hala","family":"Tfayli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara S.","family":"Hannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silva A.","family":"Arslanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-S062","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus","volume":"33","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3B","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.03.013","article-title":"Assessment and treatment of cardiovascular risk in prediabetes: impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose","volume":"108","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1128","article-title":"Prevalence of pre-diabetes and its association with clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors and hyperinsulinemia among U.S. adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005\u20132006","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012578","article-title":"Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity","volume":"346","author":"Sinha","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2001","article-title":"Prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and its relationship with cardiovascular disease risk factors in US adolescents, 1999\u20132000","volume":"116","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1185\/03007999609111557","article-title":"LDL subfractions and atherogenicity: an hypothesis from the University of Glasgow","volume":"13","author":"Packard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000033222.75187.B9","article-title":"Low-density lipoprotein particle concentration and size as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as predictors of cardiovascular disease in women","volume":"106","author":"Blake","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000022015.97341.3A","article-title":"Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of lipoproteins and risk of coronary heart disease in the cardiovascular health study","volume":"22","author":"Kuller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3465","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.512079","article-title":"Nuclear magnetic resonance lipoprotein abnormalities in prediabetic subjects in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study","volume":"111","author":"Festa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2012.02562.x","article-title":"Lipoprotein subclass profiles in individuals with varying degrees of glucose tolerance: a population-based study of 9399 Finnish men","volume":"272","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.04.006","article-title":"Prediabetic obese adolescents have a more atherogenic lipoprotein profile compared with normoglycemic obese peers","volume":"161","author":"Magge","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4914","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1301","article-title":"Waist circumference, atherogenic lipoproteins, and vascular smooth muscle biomarkers in children","volume":"94","author":"Burns","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29270","article-title":"Ethnic differences in lipoprotein subclasses in obese adolescents: importance of liver and intraabdominal fat accretion","volume":"92","author":"D'Adamo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901143400207","article-title":"Atherosclerosis\u2014an inflammatory disease","volume":"340","author":"Ross","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.10.3014","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemia in African-American children: decreased insulin clearance and increased insulin secretion and its relationship to insulin sensitivity","volume":"51","author":"Arslanian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0203","article-title":"Insulin resistance: link to the components of the metabolic syndrome and biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in youth","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.06.013","article-title":"Surrogate lipid markers for small dense low-density lipoprotein particles in overweight youth","volume":"161","author":"Burns","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0380","article-title":"In vivo insulin sensitivity and lipoprotein particle size and concentration in black and white children","volume":"32","author":"Burns","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.8.1325","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity in African-American children with and without family history of type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Danadian","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge","volume":"18","author":"Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/38.9.1632","article-title":"Development of a proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic method for determining plasma lipoprotein concentrations and subspecies distributions from a single, rapid measurement","volume":"38","author":"Otvos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2006.07.006","article-title":"Lipoprotein particle analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"26","author":"Jeyarajah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.10.024","article-title":"Hemoglobin A1c above threshold level is associated with decreased \u03b2-cell function in overweight Latino youth","volume":"160","author":"Toledo-Corral","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12131-1","article-title":"Diabetes epidemiology: collaborative analysis of diagnostic criteria in Europe. Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria","volume":"354","author":"The DECODE study group","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.3.397","article-title":"Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular mortality: comparison of fasting and 2-hour diagnostic criteria","volume":"161","author":"DECODE Study Group","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.8.1354","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia predict coronary heart disease events in middle-aged patients with NIDDM","volume":"46","author":"Lehto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.2.233","article-title":"The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4years","volume":"22","author":"Coutinho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.10.060","article-title":"Pre-diabetes and the risk for cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"55","author":"Ford","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.05.007","article-title":"LDL particle subclasses, LDL particle size, and carotid atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"192","author":"Mora","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq141","article-title":"Life-time risk factors and progression of carotid atherosclerosis in young adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study","volume":"31","author":"Juonala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S142","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws236","article-title":"Relation of childhood obesity\/cardiometabolic phenotypes to adult cardiometabolic profile: the Bogalusa Heart Study","volume":"176","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.8.1998","article-title":"Associations of coronary heart disease risk factors with the intermediate lesion of atherosclerosis in youth. The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group","volume":"20","author":"McGill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4601.099486","article-title":"Carotid intimal-medial thickness is related to cardiovascular risk factors measured from childhood through middle age: the Muscatine Study","volume":"104","author":"Davis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0085","article-title":"Fasting and 2-hour plasma glucose and insulin: relationship with risk factors for cardiovascular disease in overweight nondiabetic children","volume":"33","author":"Libman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00495-5","article-title":"Levels and correlates of LDL and VLDL particle sizes among children: the Bogalusa heart study","volume":"152","author":"Freedman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.07.003","article-title":"Abnormal HDL subclasses distribution in overweight children with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"376","author":"P\u00e9rez-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2388","article-title":"Lipid and inflammatory cardiovascular risk worsens over 3years in youth with type 2 diabetes: the TODAY clinical trial","volume":"36","author":"TODAY Study Group","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.8.727","article-title":"Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study","volume":"281","author":"Strong","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.01.019","article-title":"Components of the interleukin-6 transsignalling system are associated with the metabolic syndrome, endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness","volume":"62","author":"Weiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g4485","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4485","article-title":"The epidemic of pre-diabetes: the medicine and the politics","volume":"349","author":"Yudkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-1200","article-title":"Insulin secretion and action in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: results from the Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study","volume":"55","author":"Abdul-Ghani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.2337\/dc05-2179","article-title":"Contributions of beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose","volume":"29","author":"Abdul-Ghani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4231","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0801","article-title":"Reproducibility of the oral glucose tolerance test in overweight children","volume":"93","author":"Libman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.4.902","article-title":"Predictors of changes in glucose tolerance status in obese youth","volume":"28","author":"Weiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2902-4","article-title":"Progression rates from HbA1c 6.0\u20136.4% and other prediabetes definitions to type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Morris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2813","article-title":"Surrogate estimates of insulin sensitivity in obese youth along the spectrum of glucose tolerance from normal to prediabetes to diabetes","volume":"96","author":"George","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002604951400256X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002604951400256X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T04:04:37Z","timestamp":1758427477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002604951400256X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S002604951400256X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-0495"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-0495","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pre-diabetes in overweight youth and early atherogenic risk","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}