{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T19:34:22Z","timestamp":1793475262865,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":289,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMH 24FA1008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMH 24FA1008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","metabolismjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T16:48:13Z","timestamp":1752598093000},"page":"156352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Time for a change? Threshold for obesity in contemporary Japanese population"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"171","author":[{"given":"Kenya","family":"Kasahara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yodai","family":"Ichikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junya","family":"Hironaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Shinozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanako","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emi","family":"Ushigome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahide","family":"Hamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazushiro","family":"Kurogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Murata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eri","family":"Tsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiaki","family":"Fukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0005","series-title":"technical report series OBESITY: PREVENTING AND MANAGING THE GLOBAL EPIDEMIC","author":"WHO","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes23031","article-title":"Diagnosis of obesity: 2022 update of clinical practice guidelines for obesity by the Korean Society for the Study of obesity","volume":"32","author":"Haam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Obes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0015","first-page":"4","article-title":"The relationship between obesity levels based on body mass index and risk factors for diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia: an epidemiological study based on a multicenter collaborative research","volume":"6","author":"Yoshiike","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Japan Society for the Study of Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.4334","article-title":"Association of the National Health Guidance Intervention for obesity and cardiovascular risks with health outcomes among Japanese men","volume":"180","author":"Fukuma","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0025","series-title":"Regression Modeling Strategies","author":"Harrell","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-019-0284-9","article-title":"The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2019)","volume":"42","author":"Umemura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2071","article-title":"Optimum BMI cut points to screen Asian Americans for type 2 diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Araneta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0423","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and incident diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Ford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0641","article-title":"Obesity-related Glomerulopathy: insights from gene expression profiles of the glomeruli derived from renal biopsy samples","volume":"147","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.2169\/naika.100.897","article-title":"1. Obesity and obesity disease","volume":"100","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00088-7","article-title":"Ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on type 2 diabetes risk in England: a population-based cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Caleyachetty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0060","article-title":"The association between body mass index and abdominal obesity with hypertension among south Asian population: findings from nationally representative surveys","volume":"30","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2024.02.006","article-title":"Associations of overweight and obesity with the risk of cardiovascular disease according to metabolic risk factors among middle-aged Japanese workers: the Aichi workers\u2019 cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Al-shoaibi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21950","article-title":"Body mass index and risk of stroke among Chinese men and women","volume":"67","author":"Bazzano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.03.016","article-title":"A comprehensive comparison of two commonly used BMI thresholds for non-communicable diseases and multimorbidity in the Chinese population","volume":"48","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.104.3.733-738","article-title":"Body mass index of 23 or more is a risk factor for hypertension and hyperlipidemia in Japanese workers","volume":"104","author":"Kawada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.31.1323","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of prehypertension in a Japanese general population: the Jichi medical school cohort study","volume":"31","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29276-7","article-title":"Obesity and risk for its comorbidities diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia in Japanese individuals aged 65 years","volume":"13","author":"Yamada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081011","article-title":"Different risk for hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia according to level of body mass index in Japanese and American subjects","volume":"10","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.08980914","article-title":"Metabolically healthy obesity and risk of incident CKD","volume":"10","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23354-y","article-title":"Impact of body mass index on in-hospital mortality for six acute cardiovascular diseases in Japan","volume":"12","author":"Yoshida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.je.2016.08.007","article-title":"Body mass index and stroke incidence in Japanese community residents: the Jichi medical school (JMS) cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Kawate","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107486","article-title":"The effect of age on the relationship between body mass index and risks of incident stroke subtypes: the JPHC study","volume":"33","author":"Nuamah","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.7143\/jhep.44.492","article-title":"Cardiovascular events in company employees occur in non obese people without metabolic syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Mizuno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health evaluation and promotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111888","article-title":"Associations between anthropometric indices as complementary predictors and incidence of type 2 diabetes; Panasonic cohort study 21","volume":"217","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301573","article-title":"Body mass index and risk of death in Asian Americans","volume":"104","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"}],"container-title":["Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0026049525002215?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0026049525002215?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T23:42:07Z","timestamp":1762213327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0026049525002215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["S0026049525002215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-0495"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-0495","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Time for a change? Threshold for obesity in contemporary Japanese population","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156352","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"156352"}}