{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T20:46:51Z","timestamp":1793479611929,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,8,28]],"date-time":"2027-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1819411200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":300,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23DK133690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DK133690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK091538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK091538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","metabolismjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T15:54:22Z","timestamp":1787327662000},"page":"156753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Time-restricted eating, immunomodulation and ketone metabolism in humans"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Natalie A.","family":"Macheret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geethika P.","family":"Thota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Hengist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Courville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kong Y.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Brychta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael J.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noemi","family":"Malandrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Puchalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisy","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Recupero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigit S.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael N.","family":"Sack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6989-0417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie T.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002738","article-title":"Twelve months of time-restricted eating and resistance training improves inflammatory markers and Cardiometabolic risk factors","volume":"53","author":"Moro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113697","article-title":"Time-limited eating and continuous glucose monitoring in adolescents with obesity: a pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Vidmar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2023.10.012","article-title":"Randomized controlled feasibility trial of late 8-hour time-restricted eating for adolescents with type 2 diabetes","volume":"124","author":"Hegedus","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2082","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae195","article-title":"Adherence and retention in early or late time-restricted eating: a narrative review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"83","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104870","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial for time-restricted eating in overweight and obese young adults","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.018","article-title":"Effects of 4- and 6-h time-restricted feeding on weight and cardiometabolic health: a randomized controlled trial in adults with obesity","volume":"32","author":"Cienfuegos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.039373","article-title":"Advancing chrononutrition for cardiometabolic health: a 2023 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop report","volume":"14","author":"Dashti","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.04.010","article-title":"Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes","volume":"27","author":"Sutton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101161","article-title":"Time-restricted eating: benefits, mechanisms, and challenges in translation","volume":"23","author":"Regmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-1044-0","article-title":"Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16\/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males","volume":"14","author":"Moro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2022.111909","article-title":"Metabolic and behavioral effects of time-restricted eating in women with overweight or obesity: preliminary findings from a randomized study","volume":"107","author":"Fagundes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3233\/NHA-200106","article-title":"Continuous energy restriction (CER) plus 16\/8 time-restricted feeding improve body composition and metabolic parameters in overweight and obese, but no more than CER alone","volume":"6","author":"Daiani Evangelista Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Healthy Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1096093","article-title":"Time-restricted feeding\u2019s effect on overweight and obese patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3-4: a prospective non-randomized control pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Lao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041126","article-title":"Four weeks of time-restricted feeding combined with resistance training does not differentially influence measures of body composition, muscle performance, resting energy expenditure, and blood biomarkers","volume":"12","author":"Stratton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2022.111847","article-title":"Effects of time-restricted feeding (16\/8) combined with a low-sugar diet on the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"105","author":"Kord-Varkaneh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002169","article-title":"Time restricted feeding reduces inflammation and cortisol response to a firegrounds test in professional firefighters","volume":"63","author":"McAllister","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2019.12.001","article-title":"Time-restricted feeding improves markers of cardiometabolic health in physically active college-age men: a 4-week randomized pre-post pilot study","volume":"75","author":"McAllister","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194233","article-title":"Efficacy of time-restricted eating and behavioral economic intervention in reducing fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with impaired fasting glucose: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Suthutvoravut","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051523","article-title":"An intermittent fasting mimicking nutrition bar extends physiologic ketosis in time restricted eating: a randomized, controlled, parallel-arm study","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061234","article-title":"Early time-restricted feeding improves 24-hour glucose levels and affects markers of the circadian clock, aging, and autophagy in humans","volume":"11","author":"Jamshed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.12.008","article-title":"Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications","volume":"19","author":"Longo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.12.005","article-title":"Alternate day calorie restriction improves clinical findings and reduces markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in overweight adults with moderate asthma","volume":"42","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-016-0156-2","article-title":"Visceral adiposity syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Lopes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.12.022","article-title":"Multi-dimensional roles of ketone bodies in fuel metabolism, signaling, and therapeutics","volume":"25","author":"Puchalska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1905136","article-title":"Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease","volume":"381","author":"de Cabo","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0130","series-title":"The molecular immunology of neurological diseases","first-page":"149","article-title":"Chapter 12 - Immunogenetics of neuropathy disease","author":"Swati","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112086","article-title":"A self-selected 16:8 time-restricted eating quasi-experimental intervention improves various markers of cardiovascular health in middle-age male cyclists","volume":"113","author":"Waldman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28662-5","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial for time-restricted eating in healthy volunteers without obesity","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519003428","article-title":"Effect of time-restricted feeding on metabolic risk and circadian rhythm associated with gut microbiome in healthy males","volume":"123","author":"Zeb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"822","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adv6787","article-title":"Intended isocaloric time-restricted eating shifts circadian clocks but does not improve cardiometabolic health in women with overweight","volume":"17","author":"Peters","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003860","article-title":"Impact of time restricted feeding on markers of cardiometabolic health and oxidative stress in resistance-trained firefighters","volume":"36","author":"McAllister","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0160","series-title":"Allergic and immunologic diseases","first-page":"863","article-title":"Chapter 32 - the evaluation and treatment of autoimmune diseases","author":"Wiers-Shamir","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.11.004","article-title":"Ten-hour time-restricted eating reduces weight, blood pressure, and atherogenic lipids in patients with metabolic syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.08.018","article-title":"Feasibility of time-restricted eating and impacts on cardiometabolic health in 24-h shift workers: the healthy heroes randomized control trial","volume":"34","author":"Manoogian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111501","article-title":"Weight-neutral early time-restricted eating improves glycemic variation and time in range without changes in inflammatory markers","volume":"27","author":"Bruno","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122854","article-title":"Adherence to time-restricted feeding and impact on abdominal obesity in primary care patients: results of a pilot study in a pre-post design","volume":"11","author":"Keszty\u00fcs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14868","article-title":"Time-restricted eating and concurrent exercise training reduces fat mass and increases lean mass in overweight and obese adults","volume":"9","author":"Kotarsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00156-6","article-title":"Short-term time-restricted feeding is safe and feasible in non-obese healthy midlife and older adults","volume":"42","author":"Martens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02817-2","article-title":"Eight-hour time-restricted feeding improves endocrine and metabolic profiles in women with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016295","article-title":"IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease","volume":"6","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-023-00753-6","article-title":"Time-restricted eating (16\/8) and energy-restricted diet: effects on diet quality, body composition and biochemical parameters in healthy overweight females","volume":"9","author":"Mengi \u00c7elik","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00396-z","article-title":"Time-restricted eating effects on performance, immune function, and body composition in elite cyclists: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Moro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2015.08.011","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms linking inflammation to insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell dysfunction","volume":"167","author":"Khodabandehloo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-025-01156-5","article-title":"Fasting, ketogenic, and anti-inflammatory diets in multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial with 18-month follow-up","volume":"11","author":"Bahr","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-111120-111518","article-title":"Metabolic and signaling roles of ketone bodies in health and disease","volume":"41","author":"Puchalska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ads0535","article-title":"Ketogenesis supports hepatic polyunsaturated fatty acid homeostasis via fatty acid elongation","volume":"11","author":"Queathem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad081","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of prolonged water fasting: a narrative review of human trials","volume":"82","author":"Ezpeleta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22065","article-title":"Flipping the metabolic switch: understanding and applying the health benefits of fasting","volume":"26","author":"Anton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0245","article-title":"The impact of time-restricted diet on sleep and metabolism in obese volunteers","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.2196\/diabetes.6981","article-title":"A novel intervention including individualized nutritional recommendations reduces hemoglobin A1c level, medication use, and weight in type 2 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"McKenzie","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.6.1511","article-title":"Resting energy expenditure in short-term starvation is increased as a result of an increase in serum norepinephrine","volume":"71","author":"Zauner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.07.016","article-title":"Alternate day fasting improves physiological and molecular markers of aging in healthy, non-obese humans","volume":"30","author":"Stekovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0265","first-page":"M14","article-title":"Impact of intermittent fasting (5:2) on ketone body production in healthy female subjects","volume":"66","author":"Cerniuc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ernahr Umsch"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0270","article-title":"Safety, health improvement and well-being during a 4 to 21-day fasting period in an observational study including 1422 subjects","volume":"14","author":"De Toledo","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002655","article-title":"The effects of exercise on \u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate concentrations over a 36-h fast: a randomized crossover study","volume":"53","author":"Deru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1389","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa707","article-title":"Effects of intermittent fasting or calorie restriction on markers of lipid metabolism in human skeletal muscle","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.01.019","article-title":"Metabolomics of Ramadan fasting and associated risk of chronic diseases","volume":"119","author":"Al-Jafar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-015-3282-5","article-title":"The effect of Ramadan fasting on quiescent systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients\u2019 disease activity, health quality of life and lipid profile: a pilot study","volume":"35","author":"Goharifar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030601","article-title":"The impact of intermittent fasting (Ramadan fasting) on psoriatic arthritis disease activity, enthesitis, and dactylitis: a multicentre study","volume":"11","author":"Adawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05007-5","article-title":"Impact of Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting on rheumatic diseases","volume":"39","author":"Ben Nessib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202114323","article-title":"Very-low-carbohydrate diet enhances human T-cell immunity through immunometabolic reprogramming","volume":"13","author":"Hirschberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2020.06.008","article-title":"Investigating ketone bodies as immunometabolic countermeasures against respiratory viral infections","volume":"1","author":"Stubbs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281101","article-title":"Time restricted eating for the prevention of type 2 diabetes","volume":"600","author":"Cienfuegos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.07.002","article-title":"Ketolysis drives CD8(+) T cell effector function through effects on histone acetylation","volume":"56","author":"Luda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"7928","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05128-8","article-title":"Impaired ketogenesis ties metabolism to T cell dysfunction in COVID-19","volume":"609","author":"Karagiannis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4592","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI83260","article-title":"Fasting and refeeding differentially regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human subjects","volume":"125","author":"Traba","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800585","article-title":"A pilot study to investigate the immune-modulatory effects of fasting in steroid-naive mild asthmatics","volume":"201","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.03.036","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of gene expression by histone lysine \u03b2-Hydroxybutyrylation","volume":"62","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.10.001","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2","volume":"65","author":"Graff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-025-01254-5","article-title":"The cyclic metabolic switching theory of intermittent fasting","volume":"7","author":"Mattson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0355","article-title":"Impact of fasting & ketogenic interventions on the NLRP3 inflammasome: a narrative review","volume":"47","author":"Neudorf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3804","article-title":"The ketone metabolite \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease","volume":"21","author":"Youm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C707","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00478.2023","article-title":"Ketone bodies as chemical signals for the immune system","volume":"326","author":"Gonzatti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051492","article-title":"Identification and validation of nutrient state-dependent serum protein mediators of human CD4(+) T cell responsiveness","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/74999","article-title":"Effects of acute time-restricted eating on inflammation in individuals with psoriasis: protocol for a case-control, prospective study","volume":"14","author":"Romero Arocha","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/81063","article-title":"Effects of time-restricted eating on ketone metabolism and immunoregulation in premenopausal women: protocol for a pilot, prospective, single-arm dietary intervention study","volume":"15","author":"Thota","year":"2026","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.23.351","article-title":"Time-restricted feeding protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in mice","volume":"43","author":"Jang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02687-0","article-title":"Effects of time-restricted feeding in weight loss, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in obese women","volume":"19","author":"Schroder","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370219900185","article-title":"The immune remodel: weight loss-mediated inflammatory changes to obesity","volume":"245","author":"Phillips","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.10.009","article-title":"The effects of time-restricted eating versus habitual diet on inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in the general adult population: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Turner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111258","article-title":"Fuel metabolism in starvation","volume":"26","author":"Cahill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"}],"container-title":["Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0026049526002660?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0026049526002660?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:35:01Z","timestamp":1791520501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0026049526002660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["S0026049526002660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753","relation":{},"ISSN":["0026-0495"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0026-0495","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Time-restricted eating, immunomodulation and ketone metabolism in humans","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156753","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"156753"}}