{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T17:20:00Z","timestamp":1793985600962,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Metabolism Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T12:55:15Z","timestamp":1637067315000},"page":"100149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Metabolic causes and consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Paria","family":"Zarghamravanbakhsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Frenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonid","family":"Poretsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1213503109","article-title":"Looking beyond overnutrition for causes of epidemic metabolic disease","volume":"109","author":"Poretsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci Unit States Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(24)00530-5","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease","volume":"55","author":"Ludwig","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib4","first-page":"1254","article-title":"What's in a name? Renaming \u201cNAFLD\u201d to \u201cMAFLD","volume":"40","author":"Fouad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int. Off. J. Int. Assoc."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib5","first-page":"2082","article-title":"Comparison of MAFLD and NAFLD diagnostic criteria in real world","volume":"40","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int. Off. J. Int. Assoc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.18-3-245","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"18","author":"Maurice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Lond. Engl."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70506-8","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity","volume":"116","author":"Matteoni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0784-8827","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) - current treatment recommendations and future developments","volume":"57","author":"Roeb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24726","article-title":"Ethnicity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"55","author":"Bambha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatol. Baltim. Md."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.257","article-title":"Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"40","author":"Romeo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20466","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity","volume":"40","author":"Browning","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatol. Baltim. Md."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib12","first-page":"128","article-title":"Non alcoholic fatty liver disease two-hit process: multifactorial character of the second hit","volume":"13","author":"Paschos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib13","first-page":"181","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a precursor of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Lonardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis. Off. J. Ital. Soc. Gastroenterol. Ital. Assoc. Stud. Liver"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000485996","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in thyroid disease","volume":"49","author":"Iwen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000485999","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in male hypogonadism","volume":"49","author":"Rastrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1159\/000485998","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome in central hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism","volume":"49","author":"Dwyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1159\/000485995","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Pasquali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.03.005","article-title":"\u201cEndocrine NAFLD\u201d a hormonocentric perspective of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis","volume":"44","author":"Lonardo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2009.33","article-title":"Endocrine and liver interaction: the role of endocrine pathways in NASH","volume":"6","author":"Loria","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1677517","article-title":"NASH in lean individuals","volume":"39","author":"Younes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0578-5","article-title":"Lipodystrophic diabetes mellitus: a lesson for other forms of diabetes?","volume":"15","author":"Ficarella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib22","first-page":"3920196","article-title":"The intricate relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance (IR), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","author":"Tanase","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30429","article-title":"Modulation of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"70","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.09.003","article-title":"Serum total adiponectin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Polyzos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12407","article-title":"Obesity is an independent risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: evidence from a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes. Rev. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Stud. Obes."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03011-w","article-title":"The links between the gut microbiome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"76","author":"Safari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci. CMLS"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib28","first-page":"859","article-title":"Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha are increased in obese patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"83","author":"Katsuki","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v6.i8.570","article-title":"Role of adipokines and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"6","author":"Giby","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20280","article-title":"Beyond insulin resistance in NASH: TNF-alpha or adiponectin?","volume":"40","author":"Hui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatol. Baltim. Md."},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10422","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402511101","article-title":"Central role of suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins in hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome in the mouse","volume":"101","author":"Ueki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5249","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5249.665","article-title":"IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-alpha- and obesity-induced insulin resistance","volume":"271","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(02)00060-0","article-title":"The liver in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0806-8","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"15","author":"Neuschwander-Tetri","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02601.x","article-title":"Review article: role of oxidative stress in the progression of non-alcoholic steatosis","volume":"22","author":"Albano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00073-9","article-title":"In situ detection of lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases","volume":"37","author":"Seki","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2005.10.004","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in NASH: causes, consequences and possible means to prevent it","volume":"6","author":"Begriche","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2021.1914587","article-title":"Liver-spleen axis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"15","author":"Tarantino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expet Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201809302","article-title":"The role of the microbiome in NAFLD and NASH","volume":"11","author":"Kolodziejczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26093","article-title":"Characterization of gut microbiomes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients: a connection between endogenous alcohol and NASH","volume":"57","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatol. Baltim. Md."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28356","article-title":"The severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with gut dysbiosis and shift in the metabolic function of the gut microbiota","volume":"63","author":"Boursier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatol. Baltim. Md."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G911","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00225.2013","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota protects against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis development in a rodent model","volume":"305","author":"Okubo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22848","article-title":"Increased intestinal permeability and tight junction alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"49","author":"Miele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatol. Baltim. Md."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.11.014","article-title":"Lipotoxicity and the gut-liver axis in NASH pathogenesis","volume":"68","author":"Marra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"7242","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07976","article-title":"Autophagy regulates lipid metabolism","volume":"458","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002480","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: basic pathogenetic mechanisms in the progression from NAFLD to NASH","volume":"103","author":"Pierantonelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23250","article-title":"Preparing for the NASH epidemic: a call to action","volume":"29","author":"Kanwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. Silver. Spring . Md"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.11.014","article-title":"Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from pathophysiology to therapeutics","volume":"92","author":"Polyzos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-021-00430-4","article-title":"Efficacy of dietary manipulations for depleting intrahepatic triglyceride content: implications for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"10","author":"Sandby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88733-3","article-title":"Body weight variability and the risk of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640557","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.640557","article-title":"The impact of macronutrient intake on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): too much fat, too much carbohydrate, or just too many calories?","volume":"8","author":"Hydes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.08.038","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 decreases lipotoxicity in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"64","author":"Armstrong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib53","first-page":"759","article-title":"Cirrhosis: diagnosis and management","volume":"100","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7312","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i23.7312","article-title":"Pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1321-x","article-title":"Risks and clinical predictors of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma diagnoses in adults with diagnosed NAFLD: real-world study of 18 million patients in four European cohorts","volume":"17","author":"Alexander","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib56","first-page":"69","article-title":"Global cancer statistics","volume":"61","author":"Jemal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ca - Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.052167","article-title":"Diabetes increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: a population based case control study","volume":"54","author":"Davila","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.10.027","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an emerging menace","volume":"56","author":"Baffy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28368","article-title":"Clinical patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a multicenter prospective study","volume":"63","author":"Piscaglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatol. Baltim. Md."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4495","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094495","article-title":"Metabolic spectrum of liver failure in type 2 diabetes and obesity: from NAFLD to NASH to HCC","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.05.013","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Targher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.07.052","article-title":"A systematic review: burden and severity of subclinical cardiovascular disease among those with nonalcoholic fatty liver; should we care?","volume":"230","author":"Oni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.207340","article-title":"Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase and risk of heart failure in the community","volume":"30","author":"Dhingra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.240457","article-title":"\u0393-glutamyltransferase, hepatic enzymes, and risk of incident heart failure in older men","volume":"32","author":"Wannamethee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057183","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an increased incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Targher","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001680","article-title":"Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Musso","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.07.022","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and increased risk of chronic kidney disease","volume":"60","author":"Yasui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib68","first-page":"241","article-title":"Impaired renal function in morbid obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"32","author":"Machado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Liver Int. Off. J. Int. Assoc."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12020","article-title":"Association of obstructive sleep apnoea with the presence and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Musso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes. Rev. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Stud. Obes."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.01.070","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and incident cardiac events: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"67","author":"Zeb","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.10.040","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is independently associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in adult patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"225","author":"Mantovani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2023.100231","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000}}],"container-title":["Metabolism Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589936821000736?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589936821000736?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T23:56:36Z","timestamp":1762905396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589936821000736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["S2589936821000736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-9368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-9368","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Metabolic causes and consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Metabolism Open","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100149","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Northwell Health. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100149"}}