{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T20:38:55Z","timestamp":1783975135615,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Metabolism Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T14:39:17Z","timestamp":1640702357000},"page":"100162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The impact of dawn to sunset fasting on immune system and its clinical significance in COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sundus I.","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4598-8692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayse L.","family":"Mindikoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247461","article-title":"Population risk factors for severe disease and mortality in COVID-19: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Booth","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14657","article-title":"Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: a review","volume":"76","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253894","article-title":"Biomarkers of cytokine storm as red flags for severe and fatal COVID-19 cases: a living systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Melo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14496","article-title":"Clinical, radiological, and laboratory characteristics and risk factors for severity and mortality of 289 hospitalized COVID-19 patients","volume":"76","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5642","article-title":"COVID-19: immunopathology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment options","volume":"254","author":"van Eijk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2034717","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccination \u2014 an ounce (actually, much less) of prevention","volume":"383","author":"Rubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20200693","article-title":"Transmission and prevention of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4103\/atm.ATM_151_20","article-title":"Ramadan intermittent fasting and immunity: an important topic in the era of COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"Faris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_236_20","article-title":"Ramadan fasting and risk of Covid-19","volume":"11","author":"Javanmard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.06.004","article-title":"COVID-19 and obesity: fighting two pandemics with intermittent fasting","volume":"32","author":"Ealey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metabol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-021-00703-5","article-title":"Is there any role of intermittent fasting in the prevention and improving clinical outcomes of COVID-19?: intersection between inflammation, mTOR pathway, autophagy and calorie restriction","volume":"32","author":"Gnoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"VirusDisease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.570235","article-title":"Fasting during the COVID-19 pandemic; observance of health, nutrition and exercise criteria for improving the immune system","volume":"7","author":"Moghadam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2020.07.001","article-title":"Intermittent fasting, a possible priming tool for host defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection: crosstalk among calorie restriction, autophagy and immune response","volume":"226","author":"Hannan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib15","unstructured":"Fasting times. QUR'AN. Surah Al-Baqarah (2:187)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.103645","volume":"217","author":"Mindikoglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Proteomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73767-w","article-title":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Mindikoglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00937.x","article-title":"Evidence for a biological dawn and dusk in the human circadian timing system","volume":"535","author":"Wehr","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11740-N","article-title":"Bimodal patterns of human melatonin secretion consistent with a two-oscillator model of regulation","volume":"194","author":"Wehr","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.12.044","article-title":"Female breakfast skippers display a disrupted cortisol rhythm and elevated blood pressure","volume":"140","author":"Witbracht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa354","article-title":"Metabolic effects of late dinner in healthy volunteers-A randomized crossover clinical trial","volume":"105","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3932491","article-title":"Impact of time-restricted feeding and dawn-to-sunset fasting on circadian rhythm, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"2017","author":"Mindikoglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib23","first-page":"843","article-title":"Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American academy of sleep medicine and sleep research society","volume":"38","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103213","article-title":"Does the energy restriction intermittent fasting diet alleviate metabolic syndrome biomarkers? A randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Kunduraci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.4153","article-title":"Effects of time-restricted eating on weight loss and other metabolic parameters in women and men with overweight and obesity: the TREAT randomized clinical trial","volume":"180","author":"Lowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.11.004","article-title":"Ten-hour time-restricted eating reduces weight, blood pressure, and atherogenic lipids in patients with metabolic syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metabol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.9b00090","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of human plasma during intermittent fasting","volume":"18","author":"Harney","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.183500","article-title":"Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus","volume":"14","author":"Damiola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.02.014","article-title":"Effects of meal timing on tumor progression in mice","volume":"75","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"6965","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7798","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14462","article-title":"Immunology of COVID-19: mechanisms, clinical outcome, diagnostics, and perspectives-A report of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)","volume":"75","author":"Sokolowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0629-x","article-title":"Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology","volume":"39","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clinical infectious diseases","volume":"71","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"issue":"6504","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6027","article-title":"Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"369","author":"Hadjadj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7884","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03995-1","article-title":"Virus-induced senescence is a driver and therapeutic target in COVID-19","volume":"599","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1752","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib38","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mediated endothelial dysfunction: the potential role of chronic oxidative stress","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.026","article-title":"Imbalanced host response to SARS-CoV-2 drives development of COVID-19","volume":"181","author":"Blanco-Melo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102537","article-title":"The role of cytokines including interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced pneumonia and macrophage activation syndrome-like disease","volume":"19","author":"McGonagle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa387","article-title":"Definition and risks of cytokine release syndrome in 11 critically ill COVID-19 patients with pneumonia: analysis of disease characteristics","volume":"222","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7816","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2355-0","article-title":"Viral and host factors related to the clinical outcome of COVID-19","volume":"583","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10223","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2012.06.021","article-title":"Intermittent fasting during Ramadan attenuates proinflammatory cytokines and immune cells in healthy subjects","volume":"32","author":"Faris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226034","article-title":"The effects of diurnal intermittent fasting on proinflammatory cytokine levels while controlling for sleep\/wake pattern, meal composition and energy expenditure","volume":"14","author":"Almeneessier","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2017.1339644","article-title":"The effects of ramadan fasting on body composition, blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and markers of inflammation in NAFLD patients: an observational trial","volume":"36","author":"Aliasghari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.113090","article-title":"Effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on inflammatory and biochemical biomarkers in males with obesity","volume":"225","author":"Zouhal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.05.023","article-title":"Effect of Ramadan diurnal fasting on visceral adiposity and serum adipokines in overweight and obese individuals","volume":"153","author":"Faris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000021127.83364.7D","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-1 enhances inflammatory responses in endothelial cells","volume":"90","author":"Che","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-17-0062","article-title":"IGF1 potentiates the pro-inflammatory response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells via MAPK","volume":"59","author":"Wolters","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_252_17","article-title":"Effects of intermittent fasting during ramadan on insulin-like growth factor-1, interleukin 2, and lipid profile in healthy muslims","volume":"10","author":"Rahbar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107801","article-title":"Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting modulates SOD2, TFAM, Nrf2, and sirtuins (SIRT1, SIRT3) gene expressions in subjects with overweight and obesity","volume":"155","author":"Madkour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib53","first-page":"1217","article-title":"Dose ramadan fasting affects inflammatory responses: evidences for modulatory roles of this unique nutritional status via chemokine network","volume":"16","author":"Akrami Mohajeri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib54","first-page":"94","article-title":"The impact of ramadan fasting on fatty liver disease severity: a retrospective case control study from Israel","volume":"23","author":"Mari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J: IMAJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2015.10.002","article-title":"The impact of \"Ramadan fasting period\" on total and differential white blood cells, haematological indices, inflammatory biomarker, respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function tests of healthy and asthmatic patients","volume":"44","author":"Askari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1159\/000100954","article-title":"Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and biochemical parameters during prolonged intermittent fasting","volume":"51","author":"Aksungar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S24221","article-title":"Effect of Ramadan fasting on metabolic markers, body composition, and dietary intake in Emiratis of Ajman (UAE) with metabolic syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Sadiya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes, Metabol Syndr Obes Targets Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4664","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25015-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 N protein promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation to induce hyperinflammation","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3804","article-title":"The ketone metabolite \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease","volume":"21","author":"Youm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.12.019","article-title":"Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 regulates circadian activity of NLRP3 inflammasome to reduce the severity of Fulminant Hepatitis in mice","volume":"154","author":"Pourcet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2021.06.004","article-title":"Changes in oxidative markers in COVID-19 patients","volume":"52","author":"Mehri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib62","article-title":"Oxidative stress status in COVID-19 patients hospitalized in intensive care unit for severe pneumonia. A pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Pincemail","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3109\/08037051.2013.836808","article-title":"Ramadan fasting ameliorates arterial pulse pressure and lipid profile, and alleviates oxidative stress in hypertensive patients","volume":"23","author":"Al-Shafei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood Pres"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-014-0650-y","article-title":"Ramadan fasting ameliorates oxidative stress and improves glycemic control and lipid profile in diabetic patients","volume":"53","author":"Al-Shafei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnim.2018.11.005","article-title":"Impact of diurnal intermittent fasting during Ramadan on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in healthy people: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Faris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nutr Intermediary Metabol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1737.172296","article-title":"The effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on lipid peroxidation in healthy young men while controlling for diet and sleep: a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"BaHammam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/802924","article-title":"Impact of ramadan intermittent fasting on oxidative stress measured by urinary 15-f(2t)-isoprostane","volume":"2012","author":"Faris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr Metabol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21235","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6908","article-title":"Autophagy-associated immune responses and cancer immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2010.03321.x","article-title":"Autophagy and adaptive immunity","volume":"131","author":"Crotzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0003-4","article-title":"Mechanism and medical implications of mammalian autophagy","volume":"19","author":"Dikic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0602-4_27","article-title":"Autophagy and the immune response","volume":"1206","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-0944-z","article-title":"The relationship between autophagy and the immune system and its applications for tumor immunotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3818","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24007-w","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-mediated dysregulation of metabolism and autophagy uncovers host-targeting antivirals","volume":"12","author":"Gassen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib74","unstructured":"Gene [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology information; 2004 \u2013 [cited 2021 Dec 04]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.7.7.15822","article-title":"Deficiency of hepatocystin induces autophagy through an mTOR-dependent pathway","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13030471","article-title":"Lymphopenia as a biological predictor of outcomes in COVID-19 patients: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2021.101508","article-title":"Hallmarks of immune response in COVID-19: exploring dysregulation and exhaustion","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.201160","article-title":"Prognostic value of leukocytosis and lymphopenia for coronavirus disease severity","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0148-4","article-title":"Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a descriptive and predictive study","volume":"5","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Targeted Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802491368","article-title":"Effect of Ramadan fasting on some biochemical and haematological parameters in Tunisian youth soccer players undertaking their usual training and competition schedule","volume":"26","author":"Maughan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.08.002","article-title":"Calreticulin in the immune system: ins and outs","volume":"34","author":"Raghavan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2012.00467.x","article-title":"Calreticulin as a hydrophilic chimeric molecular adjuvant enhances IgG responses to the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"56","author":"Qiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0682","article-title":"Obesity is a risk factor for greater COVID-19 severity","volume":"43","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00244-8","article-title":"COVID-19 and metabolic disease: mechanisms and clinical management","volume":"9","author":"Steenblock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01564-z","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease and coronavirus disease 2019: clinical relationship and current management","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00525","article-title":"Impaired fasting glucose and diabetes are related to higher risks of complications and mortality among patients with coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.010207","article-title":"Impact of obesity and metabolic syndrome on immunity","volume":"7","author":"Andersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Nutr (Bethesda, Md)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02509","article-title":"T cells in adipose tissue: critical players in immunometabolism","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1937","article-title":"Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity","volume":"6","author":"Tilg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"5091","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7678183","article-title":"Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance","volume":"259","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117936","article-title":"Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"95","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1941","article-title":"Fasting blood glucose and COVID-19 severity: nonlinearity matters","volume":"43","author":"Alahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108437","article-title":"Fasting blood glucose level is a predictor of mortality in patients with COVID-19 independent of diabetes history","volume":"169","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020478","article-title":"Effect of ramadan fasting on weight and body composition in healthy non-athlete adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Fernando","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02216-1","article-title":"A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of the impact of diurnal intermittent fasting during Ramadan on body weight in healthy subjects aged 16 years and above","volume":"59","author":"Jahrami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-013-9687-0","article-title":"Does Ramadan fasting alter body weight and blood lipids and fasting blood glucose in a healthy population? A meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Kul","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Relig Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012005046","article-title":"Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Sadeghirad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Publ Health Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib98","first-page":"1559","article-title":"The impact of Ramadan fasting on metabolic profile among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a meta-analysis. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome:","volume":"14","author":"Tahapary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Res Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1159\/000177999","article-title":"Fasting during Ramadan induces a marked increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol","volume":"41","author":"Adlouni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metabol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(97)00245-3","article-title":"Beneficial effect on serum apo AI, apo B and Lp AI levels of Ramadan fasting","volume":"271","author":"Adlouni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta; Int J Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-11-69","article-title":"Effects of Ramadan fasting on cardiovascular risk factors: a prospective observational study","volume":"11","author":"Nematy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2020.100070","article-title":"The effect of four-week intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset on circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in subjects with metabolic syndrome and healthy subjects","volume":"9","author":"Abdulsada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabol Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2011.09.005","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, food intake regulation, and obesity","volume":"42","author":"Rosas-Vargas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030886","article-title":"The interplay between the gut microbiome and the immune system in the context of infectious diseases throughout life and the role of nutrition in optimizing treatment strategies","volume":"13","author":"Wiertsema","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323020","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19","volume":"70","author":"Yeoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253293","article-title":"The human microbiome and COVID-19: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.048","article-title":"Alterations in gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 during time of hospitalization","volume":"159","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa709","article-title":"Alterations of the gut microbiota in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 or H1N1 influenza","volume":"71","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa388","article-title":"Remodeling of the gut microbiome during Ramadan-associated intermittent fasting","volume":"113","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2019.0039","article-title":"Structural changes in gut microbiome after Ramadan fasting: a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Ozkul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.642999","article-title":"Ramadan fasting leads to shifts in human gut microbiota structured by dietary composition","volume":"12","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"7122","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest","volume":"444","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504978102","article-title":"Obesity alters gut microbial ecology","volume":"102","author":"Ley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.11.002","article-title":"Butyrate modulates oxidative stress in the colonic mucosa of healthy humans","volume":"28","author":"Hamer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Nutr (Edinburgh, Scotland)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03562.x","article-title":"Review article: the role of butyrate on colonic function","volume":"27","author":"Hamer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2009.04.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of primary cancer prevention by butyrate and other products formed during gut flora-mediated fermentation of dietary fibre","volume":"682","author":"Scharlau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10062","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10062","article-title":"Production of butyrate from lysine and the Amadori product fructoselysine by a human gut commensal","volume":"6","author":"Bui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12075","article-title":"The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota","volume":"38","author":"Rajili\u0107-Stojanovi\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601906","article-title":"Mild dehydration: a risk factor of broncho-pulmonary disorders?","volume":"57","author":"Kalhoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-012-2277-z","article-title":"Differences in Mucociliary activity of volunteers undergoing Ramadan versus Nineveh fasting","volume":"270","author":"Develioglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000013316","article-title":"Effect of Ramadan fasting on Moslem kidney transplant recipients","volume":"18","author":"Abdalla","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19900119","article-title":"Effects of fasting during Ramadan on urinary excretion in Malaysian Muslims","volume":"63","author":"Cheah","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601899","article-title":"Effects on health of fluid restriction during fasting in Ramadan","volume":"57","author":"Leiper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"8644","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92527-0","article-title":"Clinical problems during the fast of Ramadan","volume":"1","author":"Aslam","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.18.013","article-title":"Effect of fasting during Ramadan on thermal stress parameters","volume":"25","author":"Manjunath","year":"2019","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib126","first-page":"219","article-title":"The health risks of occupational stress in islamic industrial workers during the Ramadan fasting period","volume":"4","author":"Schmahl","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pol J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174342","article-title":"Ramadan fasting in Saudi Arabia is associated with altered expression of CLOCK, DUSP and IL-1alpha genes, as well as changes in cardiometabolic risk factors","volume":"12","author":"Ajabnoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1369","article-title":"Sick and tired: does sleep have a vital role in the immune system?","volume":"4","author":"Bryant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.07.001","article-title":"Impact of partial sleep deprivation on immune markers","volume":"14","author":"Wilder-Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2020.95125","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic: how to maintain a healthy immune system during the lockdown - a multidisciplinary approach with special focus on athletes","volume":"37","author":"Yousfi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40989-6","article-title":"Night workers have lower levels of antioxidant defenses and higher levels of oxidative stress damage when compared to day workers","volume":"9","author":"Teixeira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib132","unstructured":"International diabetes federation diabetes and ramadan practical guidelines for healthcare professionals. Available at: https:\/\/www.idf.org\/our-activities\/education\/diabetes-and-ramadan\/healthcare-professionals.html. Accessed on December 9, 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001248","article-title":"Recommendations for management of diabetes during Ramadan: update 2020, applying the principles of the ADA\/EASD consensus","volume":"8","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib134","unstructured":"International diabetes federation diabetes and Ramadan practical guidelines 2021. Chapter 8. The Ramadan nutrition plan (RNP) for people with diabetes. Hamdy O, Yusof BNM, Maher S. Available at: https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiWy7SLhdj0AhXOk2oFHbF0CuYQFnoECAgQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idf.org%2Fcomponent%2Fattachments%2F%3Ftask%3Ddownload%26id%3D2351%3A210126_DaR_CH8_The-Ramadan-Nutrition-Plan-RNP-for-people-with-diabetes_SingleLow&usg=AOvVaw1Ff52jAByKMeiwfCZiVr9l. Accessed on December 9, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162_bib135","series-title":"Safe Ramadan practices in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance, 7 April 2021","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Metabolism Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589936821000864?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589936821000864?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T23:56:17Z","timestamp":1762905377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589936821000864"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":134,"alternative-id":["S2589936821000864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-9368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-9368","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The impact of dawn to sunset fasting on immune system and its clinical significance in COVID-19 pandemic","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Metabolism Open","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100162","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100162"}}