{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T13:08:57Z","timestamp":1793711337092,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020481","name":"Shahid Beheshti University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020481","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Metabolism Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T05:58:28Z","timestamp":1763272708000},"page":"100419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and FMT for glycemic control: A systematic review of clinical efficacy and mechanistic readouts in type 2 diabetes and related dysglycemia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Neda","family":"Shalbaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soheila","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Homaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farnaz","family":"Saberian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12673","article-title":"Understanding the role of the gut ecosystem in diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Aw","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabet Investigat"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132121","article-title":"Effect of probiotics on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Ruan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5139","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235139","article-title":"The effect of prebiotics and oral anti-diabetic agents on gut microbiome in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Ojo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13091307","article-title":"Prebiotics progress shifts in the intestinal microbiome that benefits patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Vitetta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-41-LB","article-title":"41-LB: changes in circulating metabolites, including butyrate, points to underlying mechanism of a probiotic intervention that improves postprandial hyperglycemia in subjects with type 2 diabetes","volume":"70","author":"Mcmurdie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02415-8","article-title":"Increased circulating butyrate and ursodeoxycholate during probiotic intervention in humans with type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"McMurdie","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01300-22","article-title":"Adjunctive probio-X treatment enhances the therapeutic effect of a conventional drug in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus by promoting short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and bile acid pathways","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib8","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of F-Biotic\u2122 in combination with metformin for type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from a randomized, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Devassy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122525","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of sugar shift\u00ae symbiotic on microbiome composition and LPS regulation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib10","first-page":"2022","article-title":"A randomized placebo controlled clinical trial of a metabolic shifting probiotic, sugar shift, for the treatment of T2DM","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001319","article-title":"Improvements to postprandial glucose control in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a multicenter, double blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial of a novel probiotic formulation","volume":"8","author":"Perraudeau","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabet Res Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2018.065","article-title":"Effects of prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation on glycaemia and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Mahboobi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Pharmaceut Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318320","article-title":"Donor metabolic characteristics drive effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on recipient insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure and intestinal transit time","volume":"69","author":"de Groot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.662159","article-title":"Effect of fecal microbiota transplantation combined with mediterranean diet on insulin sensitivity in subjects with metabolic syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Koopen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1993513","article-title":"Effects of fecal microbiota transplant on DNA methylation in subjects with metabolic syndrome","volume":"13","author":"van der Vossen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1089991","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation reverses insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, prospective study","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16203491","article-title":"Microbiota transplantation in individuals with type 2 diabetes and a high degree of insulin resistance","volume":"16","author":"G\u00f3mez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05127-9","article-title":"Health improvements of type 2 diabetic patients through diet and diet plus fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04306-0","article-title":"The effects of probiotics supplementation on glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143240","article-title":"The effect of probiotic supplementation on glucolipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"OCE1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665122000131","article-title":"Probiotics as an additional therapeutic approach in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Nejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib22","article-title":"Probiotics and their role in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Short-term versus long-term effect): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Ayesha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf340","article-title":"Glucose parameters, inflammation markers, and gut microbiota changes of gut microbiome-targeted therapies in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.3390\/life14111485","article-title":"Impact of gut microbiome interventions on glucose and lipid metabolism in metabolic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Mederle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13080641","article-title":"Effect of probiotic fermented milk supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism parameters and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072041","article-title":"Targeting the intestinal microbiota to prevent type 2 diabetes and enhance the effect of metformin on glycaemia: a randomised controlled pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Palacios","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld-4248","article-title":"Enhancing metformin effects by adding gut microbiota modulators to ameliorate the metabolic status of obese, insulin-resistant hosts","volume":"31","author":"Seicaru","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Liver Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2345134","article-title":"Recipient microbiome-related features predicting metabolic improvement following fecal microbiota transplantation in adults with severe obesity and metabolic syndrome: a secondary analysis of a phase 2 clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa133","article-title":"Probiotics contribute to glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Rittiphairoj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib30","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01542-z","article-title":"PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Rethlefsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.06.015","article-title":"The revised cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) showed low interrater reliability and challenges in its application","volume":"126","author":"Minozzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01819-x","article-title":"A comparison of two assessment tools used in overviews of systematic reviews: ROBIS versus AMSTAR-2","volume":"10","author":"Perry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214663","article-title":"The effect of probiotic supplements on metabolic parameters of people with type 2 diabetes in Greece\u2014A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Zikou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142205","article-title":"Impact of combined prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides and bifidobacterium breve-derived postbiotic on gut microbiota and HbA1c in prediabetic adults: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"16","author":"Beteri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114524000904","article-title":"Effects of a diverse prebiotic fibre supplement on HbA1c, insulin sensitivity and inflammatory biomarkers in pre-diabetes: a pilot placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial","volume":"132","author":"Hall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaa046.995","article-title":"OR26-06 fecal microbiota transplantation trial for the improvement of metabolism (FMT-TRIM): a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot trial","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocrin Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1764488","article-title":"Probiotics supplementation improves hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an update of meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.770861","article-title":"Effects of probiotic supplementation on inflammatory markers and glucose homeostasis in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.3390\/life13071488","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for weight and glycemic control of obesity as well as the associated metabolic diseases: meta-analysis and comprehensive assessment","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225168","article-title":"Efficacy of UB0316, a multi-strain probiotic formulation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled study","volume":"14","author":"Madempudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib42","article-title":"Effect of probiotics at different intervention time on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib43","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of F-Biotic\u2122 in combination with metformin for type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from a randomized, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Devassy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02392-17","article-title":"Structural alteration of gut microbiota during the amelioration of human type 2 diabetes with hyperlipidemia by metformin and a traditional Chinese herbal formula: a multicenter, randomized, open label clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Tong","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1397034","article-title":"Effect of oral metformin on gut microbiota characteristics and metabolite fractions in normal-weight type 2 diabetic mellitus patients","volume":"15","author":"Niu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["Metabolism Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589936825000751?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589936825000751?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T06:20:25Z","timestamp":1765520425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589936825000751"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S2589936825000751"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-9368"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-9368","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and FMT for glycemic control: A systematic review of clinical efficacy and mechanistic readouts in type 2 diabetes and related dysglycemia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Metabolism Open","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metop.2025.100419","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100419"}}