{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:42:10Z","timestamp":1792114930574,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI134636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI134636"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12GM119955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12GM119955"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI134636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI134636"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12GM119955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12GM119955"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011087","name":"Society of Interventional Radiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["211241\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211241\/Z\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010757","name":"National Centre for the Replacement Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NC\/R001472\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NC\/R001472\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010757","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T19:19:51Z","timestamp":1574450391000},"page":"158-164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A titanic drug resistance threat in Cryptococcus neoformans"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"Zafar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Altamirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R","family":"Ballou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0005","series-title":"Review on Antimicrobial Resistance","article-title":"Tackling drug-resistance infections globally: a final report and recommendations","author":"O'Neill","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy776","article-title":"Estimation of direct healthcare costs of fungal diseases in the United States","volume":"68","author":"Benedict","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002364","article-title":"Deletion of Cryptococcus neoformans AIF ortholog promotes chromosome aneuploidy and fluconazole-resistance in a metacaspase-independent manner","volume":"7","author":"Semighini","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.116.037499","article-title":"A population genomics approach to assessing the genetic basis of within-host microevolution underlying recurrent cryptococcal meningitis infection","volume":"7","author":"Rhodes","year":"2017","journal-title":"G3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_sbref0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00205","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00205-17","article-title":"Fluconazole-induced ploidy change in Cryptococcus neoformans results from the uncoupling of cell growth and nuclear division","volume":"2","author":"Altamirano","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_sbref0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01290","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01290-18","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans, unlike Candida albicans, forms Aneuploid clones directly from uninucleated cells under fluconazole stress","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_sbref0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/1b59fd9e-9ac9-4ea8-a083-14c413c80b03","article-title":"Cryptococcal cell morphology affects host cell interactions and pathogenicity","volume":"6","author":"Okagaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_sbref0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/0675044c-d80f-456f-bb63-4f85fb1d0c33","article-title":"Fungal cell gigantism during mammalian infection","volume":"6","author":"Zaragoza","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_sbref0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00507-12","article-title":"Titan cell production enhances the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"80","author":"Crabtree","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2013.03.006","article-title":"Titan cells in Cryptococcus neoformans: cells with a giant impact","volume":"16","author":"Zaragoza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-018-0107-9","article-title":"The Cryptococcus neoformans titan cell: from in vivo phenomenon to in vitro model","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Curr Clin Microbiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_sbref0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01340","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01340-15","article-title":"Polyploid titan cells produce haploid and aneuploid progeny to promote stress adaptation","volume":"6","author":"Gerstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2010.05.003","article-title":"Dueling in the lung: how Cryptococcus spores race the host for survival","volume":"13","author":"Botts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0070","series-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans","author":"Casadevall","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2017.02.004","article-title":"Paradoxical respiratory failure due to cryptococcal pneumonia after amphotericin B treatment for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"19","author":"Scriven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0080","first-page":"528","article-title":"Cryptococcal pneumonia in African miners at autopsy","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Tuberculosis Lung Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw786","article-title":"Impact of infectious diseases consultation on mortality of cryptococcal infection in patients without HIV","volume":"64","author":"Spec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1086\/511438","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans in organ transplant recipients: impact of calcineurin-inhibitor agents on mortality","volume":"195","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx163.016","article-title":"Presentation and outcome of cryptococcal infection varies by predisposing illness","volume":"49","author":"Raval","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/65.1.83","article-title":"The primary pulmonary lymph node complex of Cryptococcosis","volume":"65","author":"Baker","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/25.1.14","article-title":"Tissue changes and tissue diagnosis in cryptococcosis; a study of 26 cases","volume":"25","author":"Baker","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E66","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.e66","article-title":"Serologic evidence for Cryptococcus neoformans infection in early childhood","volume":"107","author":"Goldman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.6.1437","article-title":"Characterization of a murine monoclonal antibody to Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide that is a candidate for human therapeutic studies","volume":"42","author":"Casadevall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.1.64","article-title":"Manifestations of pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Cameron","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199801000-00005","article-title":"Pulmonary Nodules in liver transplant recipients","volume":"77","author":"Paterson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0130","first-page":"90","article-title":"Pulmonary infections mimicking cancer: a retrospective, three-year review","volume":"5","author":"Rolston","year":"1997","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00242-07","article-title":"Serologic evidence for reactivation of cryptococcosis in solid-organ transplant recipients","volume":"14","author":"Saha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0140","series-title":"Cryptococcus: From Human Pathogen to Model Yeast","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans: latency and disease","author":"Dromer","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1086\/314953","article-title":"Antibodies reactive with the cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan are present in sera from children with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"180","author":"Abadi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.10.3204-3209.1999","article-title":"Epidemiological evidence for dormant Cryptococcus neoformans infection","volume":"37","author":"Garcia-Hermoso","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myv024","article-title":"Analysis of asthma patients for cryptococcal seroreactivity in an urban German area","volume":"53","author":"Grahnert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1086\/501363","article-title":"Enhanced allergic Inflammation and airway responsiveness in rats with chronic Cryptococcus neoformans infection: potential role for fungal pulmonary infection in the pathogenesis of asthma","volume":"193","author":"Goldman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01985-10","article-title":"Most cases of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-Uninfected patients in vietnam are due to a distinct amplified fragment length polymorphism-defined cluster of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii VN1","volume":"49","author":"Day","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7197","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01299-15","article-title":"Increased antifungal drug resistance in clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans in Uganda","volume":"59","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_sbref0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI124516","article-title":"Dynamic ploidy changes drive fluconazole resistance in human cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"129","author":"Stone","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1086\/649858","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of America","volume":"50","author":"Perfect","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1086\/507895","article-title":"Symptomatic relapse of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis after initial fluconazole monotherapy: the role of fluconazole resistance and immune reconstitution","volume":"43","author":"Bicanic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2017.11.004","article-title":"Emerging fluconazole resistance: implications for the management of cryptococcal meningitis","volume":"19","author":"Mpoza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12747","article-title":"A systematic review of fluconazole resistance in clinical isolates of Cryptococcus species","volume":"61","author":"Bongomin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh361","article-title":"Increasing in vitro resistance to fluconazole in Cryptococcus neoformans Cambodian isolates: April 2000 to March 2002","volume":"54","author":"Sar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.2.420-427.2001","article-title":"Dynamic and heterogeneous mutations to fluconazole resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4914(02)02280-3","article-title":"Molecular basis of resistance to azole antifungals","volume":"8","author":"Lupetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.6.1704-1713.2002","article-title":"Resistance mechanisms in clinical isolates of Candida albicans","volume":"46","author":"White","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.10.2676-2684.2001","article-title":"Prevalence of molecular mechanisms of resistance to azole antifungal agents in Candida albicans strains displaying high-level fluconazole resistance isolated from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","volume":"45","author":"Perea","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/1567-1364.12042","article-title":"Erg11 mutations associated with azole resistance in clinical isolates of Candida albicans","volume":"13","author":"Xiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03470-14","article-title":"Contribution of clinically derived mutations in ERG11 to azole resistance in Candida albicans","volume":"59","author":"Flowers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.08.002","article-title":"ERG11 mutations associated with azole resistance in Candida albicans isolates from vulvovaginal candidosis patients","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.2.577-581.2003","article-title":"Mutations in Aspergillus fumigatus resulting in reduced susceptibility to posaconazole appear to be restricted to a single amino acid in the cytochrome P450 14alpha-demethylase","volume":"47","author":"Mann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00437","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00437-19","article-title":"Mutations in hmg1, challenging the paradigm of clinical triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"10","author":"Rybak","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18106-2","article-title":"Convergent microevolution of Cryptococcus neoformans hypervirulence in the laboratory and the clinic","volume":"7","author":"Arras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00595","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00595-17","article-title":"Mismatch repair of DNA replication errors contributes to microevolution in the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"8","author":"Boyce","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3653","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.11.3653-3656.2003","article-title":"G484S amino acid substitution in Lanosterol 14-\u03b1 demethylase (ERG11) Is related to fluconazole resistance in a recurrent Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolate","volume":"47","author":"Rodero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05502-11","article-title":"Identification of a Cryptococcus neoformans cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase (Erg11) residue critical for differential susceptibility between fluconazole\/voriconazole and itraconazole\/posaconazole","volume":"56","author":"Sionov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss066","article-title":"Microevolution of Cryptococcus neoformans driven by massive tandem gene amplification","volume":"29","author":"Chow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.046","article-title":"Systematic genetic analysis of virulence in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"135","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002936","article-title":"DNA Mutations mediate microevolution between host-adapted forms of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"8","author":"Magditch","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_sbref0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00295-09","article-title":"Heteroresistance to fluconazole in Cryptococcus neoformans is intrinsic and associated with virulence","volume":"53","author":"Sionov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_sbref0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000848","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans overcomes stress of azole drugs by formation of disomy in specific multiple chromosomes","volume":"6","author":"Sionov","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033022","article-title":"Characterization of the chromosome 4 genes that affect fluconazole-induced disomy formation in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"7","author":"Ngamskulrungroj","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000705","article-title":"Acquisition of aneuploidy provides increased fitness during the evolution of antifungal drug resistance","volume":"5","author":"Selmecki","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001815","article-title":"A tetraploid intermediate precedes aneuploid formation in yeasts exposed to fluconazole","volume":"12","author":"Harrison","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1128\/am.25.2.309-312.1973","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans of unusual morphology","volume":"25","author":"Cruickshank","year":"1973","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.6.1068-1070.1985","article-title":"Large Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from brain abscess","volume":"22","author":"Love","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Microbio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_sbref0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006978","article-title":"The Cryptococcus neoformans Titan cell is an inducible and regulated morphotype underlying pathogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Dambuza","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_sbref0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006982","article-title":"Titan cells formation in Cryptococcus neoformans is finely tuned by environmental conditions and modulated by positive and negative genetic regulators","volume":"14","author":"Hommel","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_sbref0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007007","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans can form titan-like cells in vitro in response to multiple signals","volume":"14","author":"Trevijano-Contador","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00121-12","article-title":"Titan cells confer protection from phagocytosis in Cryptococcus neoformans infections","volume":"11","author":"Okagaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004701","article-title":"Chitin recognition via chitotriosidase promotes pathologic type-2 Helper T cell responses to cryptococcal infection","volume":"11","author":"Wiesner","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Patho"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.03104-14","article-title":"Cryptococcal phospholipase B1 is required for intracellular proliferation and control of titan cell morphology during macrophage infection","volume":"83","author":"Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501871","article-title":"Regulatory T cell induction and retention in the lungs drives suppression of detrimental type 2 Th cells during pulmonary cryptococcal infection","volume":"196","author":"Wiesner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3040064","article-title":"Adaptive immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans infections","volume":"3","author":"Mukaremera","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_sbref0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcsw.2017.12.001","article-title":"Titan cell production in Cryptococcus neoformans reshapes the cell wall and capsule composition during infection","volume":"1","author":"Mukaremera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00731","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00731-18","article-title":"A glucuronoxylomannan epitope exhibits serotype-specific accessibility and redistributes towards the capsule surface during titanization of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"87","author":"Probert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02580","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02580-14","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans host adaptation: toward biological evidence of dormancy","volume":"6","author":"Alanio","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02108","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02108-16","article-title":"Physiological differences in Cryptococcus neoformans strains in vitro versus in vivo and their effects on antifungal susceptibility","volume":"61","author":"Grossman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00017-09","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of senescent Cryptococcus neoformans and implications for phenotypic switching and pathogenesis in chronic cryptococcosis","volume":"8","author":"Jain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00455","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00455-13","article-title":"Old Cryptococcus neoformans cells contribute to virulence in cchronic cryptococcosis","volume":"4","author":"Bouklas","year":"2013","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01186.x","article-title":"Capsule enlargement in Cryptococcus neoformans confers resistance to oxidative stress suggesting a mechanism for intracellular survival","volume":"10","author":"Zaragoza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.036152-0","article-title":"Influence of capsule size on the in vitro activity of antifungal agents against clinical Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii strains","volume":"61","author":"Vitale","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2011.08.003","article-title":"Evaluation of the in vitro activity of Amphotericin B by time-kill curve methodology against large and small capsulate C. neoformans isolates","volume":"71","author":"Cordoba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208471","article-title":"Fluconazole induces ROS in Cryptococcus neoformans and contributes to DNA damage in vitro","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6627","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03570-14","article-title":"The production of reactive oxygen species is a universal action mechanism of amphotericin B against pathogenic yeasts and contributes to the fungicidal effect of this drug","volume":"58","author":"Mesa-Arango","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1369527418301097?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1369527418301097?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:27:16Z","timestamp":1778804836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1369527418301097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["S1369527418301097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-5274"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-5274","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A titanic drug resistance threat in Cryptococcus neoformans","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Microbiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mib.2019.11.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}