{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:14:36Z","timestamp":1791040476881,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]],"date-time":"2003-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1064966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]],"date-time":"2003-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1064966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7397,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbes and Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,16]],"date-time":"2003-09-16T20:18:24Z","timestamp":1063743504000},"page":"1103-1108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan: parasite identification in humans and dogs; host-parasite relationships"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jacques","family":"Dereure","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayda Hassan","family":"El-Safi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Bucheton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micka\u00ebl","family":"Boni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musa Mohamed","family":"Kheir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Davoust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francine","family":"Pratlong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Feugier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Dessein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Dedet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.4.862","article-title":"The epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis in Western Upper Nile, Southern Sudan. Course and impact from 1984 to 1994","volume":"25","author":"Seaman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB2","first-page":"303","article-title":"The current situation of kala-azar in Gedarif area, eastern Sudan","volume":"70","author":"El Safi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)00026-6","article-title":"Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Atbara River area, eastern Sudan: the outbreak of Barbar El Fugara village (1996\u20131997)","volume":"4","author":"El Safi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB4","first-page":"378","article-title":"World Weather Records, 1971\u20131980","volume":"vol. 5","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)00027-8","article-title":"The interplay between environmental and host factors during an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan","volume":"4","author":"Bucheton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1990653111","article-title":"Taxonomy of Leishmania. Use of isoenzymes. Suggestions for a new classification","volume":"65","author":"Rioux","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90439-1","article-title":"The use of isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel for the enzymatic analysis of Old World Leishmania species","volume":"88","author":"Piarroux","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125001474","article-title":"The sand fly fauna in the visceral leishmaniasis focus of Gedaref, Sudan","volume":"96","author":"Lambert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007867","article-title":"Sudan: the possible original focus of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"122","author":"Pratlong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90025-X","article-title":"Human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani sensu stricto in Yemen","volume":"89","author":"Pratlong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90061-7","article-title":"Sri-Lankan cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania donovani of the zymodeme MON-37","author":"Karunaweera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB12","first-page":"12","article-title":"Remarks on kala-azar in Kassala and Blue Nile districts of the Sudan, Fourth Report of the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories","author":"Bousfield","year":"1911"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(56)90079-7","article-title":"Studies in leishmaniasis in the anglo-egyptian Sudan","volume":"50","author":"Kirk","year":"1956","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1969.18.1091","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in the Sudan Republic; 30. Final report","volume":"18","author":"Hoogstral","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(37)90128-7","article-title":"Some observations on the epidemiology of kala-azar in the Sudan","volume":"30","author":"Archibald","year":"1937","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB16","first-page":"157","article-title":"Kala-azar Commission to investigate the prevalence and cause of the disease in the Eastern Sudan (2) Pathological report. Fourth Report of the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories","author":"Marshall","year":"1911"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB17","first-page":"483","article-title":"Investigations of wild animals as Leishmania\u2013reservoir in south Sudan","volume":"31","author":"Sixl","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007594","article-title":"The Egyptian mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon, is a possible reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan","volume":"122","author":"Elnaim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1980.11687323","article-title":"The isolation and identification of leishmanial parasites from domestic dogs in the Malchakos district of Kenya, and the possible role of dogs as reservoirs of kala-azar in East Africa","volume":"74","author":"Mutinga","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB20","first-page":"105","article-title":"Le complexe Leishmania donovani s.l. Analyse enzymatique et traitement num\u00e9rique. Individualisation du complexe Leishmania infantum. Corollaires biog\u00e9ographiques et phyl\u00e9tiques. A propos de 146\u00a0souches originaires de l\u2019Ancien et du Nouveau Monde","author":"Moreno","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(81)90432-6","article-title":"Isolation of Leishmania from the spleen of a dog in Iraq","volume":"75","author":"Sukkar","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90253-0","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan: first identifications of Leishmania from dogs","volume":"94","author":"Dereure","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90229-6","article-title":"Epidemic visceral leishmaniasis in southern Sudan: identity and systematic position of the parasites from patients and vectors","volume":"86","author":"Ashford","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199705000-00003","article-title":"Leishmania infantum is clonal in AIDS patients too: epidemiological implications","volume":"11","author":"Jimenez","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB25","first-page":"47","article-title":"Mise en \u00e9vidence d\u2019un processus de cytogamie chez les Leishmania (kinetoplastida-Trypanosomatidae)","volume":"65","author":"Lanotte","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1998.11813353","article-title":"Environmental determinants of the distribution of the Phlebotomus orientalis in Sudan","volume":"92","author":"Elnaim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363927","article-title":"Genetic control of visceral leishmaniasis in a Sudan population: candidate gene testing indicates a linkage to the NRAMP1 region","volume":"4","author":"Bucheton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Immun."}],"container-title":["Microbes and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S128645790300220X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S128645790300220X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T14:10:37Z","timestamp":1761142237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S128645790300220X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S128645790300220X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1286-4579"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1286-4579","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan: parasite identification in humans and dogs; host-parasite relationships","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbes and Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"converted-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2003 \u00c9ditions scientifiques et m\u00e9dicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}