{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:05:18Z","timestamp":1791295518688,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5662,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214870400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214870400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214870400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214870400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214870400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbes and Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,11]],"date-time":"2008-07-11T07:15:52Z","timestamp":1215760552000},"page":"1057-1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Vaccination against shigellosis: is it the path that is difficult or is it the difficult that is the path?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Armelle","family":"Phalipon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence A.","family":"Mulard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe J.","family":"Sansonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib1","first-page":"651","article-title":"Global burden of Shigella infections: implication for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies","volume":"77","author":"Kotloff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib2","first-page":"197","article-title":"The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000","volume":"81","author":"Kosek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e353","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030353","article-title":"A multicentre study of Shigella diarrhea in six Asian countries: disease burden, clinical manifestations, and microbiology","volume":"3","author":"Von Seidlen","year":"2006","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e361","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000361","article-title":"Dipstick for rapid diagnosis of Shigella flexneri 2a in stool","volume":"2","author":"Nato","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.3.533","article-title":"Effect of prior infection with Shigella flexneri 2a on the resistance of monkeys to subsequent infection with Shigella sonnei","volume":"164","author":"Formal","year":"1991","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S279","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.Supplement_4.S279","article-title":"The lipopolysaccharide of Shigella bacteria as a virulence factor","volume":"13","author":"Lindberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1662","article-title":"Clinical trials of Shigella vaccines: two steps forward and one step back on a long, hard road","volume":"5","author":"Levine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib8","first-page":"457","article-title":"Studies on vaccination against bacillary dysentery. 6. Protection of children by oral immunization with Streptomycin-dependant Shigella strains","volume":"45","author":"Mel","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb7100025","article-title":"Shigella's ways of manipulating the host intestinal innate and adaptative immune system: a tool box for survival ?","volume":"85","author":"Phalipon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)80017-8","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity study of the auxotrophic Shigella flexneri 2a vaccine SFL1070 with a deleted aroD gene in adult Swedish volunteers","volume":"13","author":"K\u00e4rnell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(94)94006-1","article-title":"Immune responses in Vietnamese children after a single dose of the auxotrophic, live Shigella Y vaccine strain SFL124","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.8.3055-3061.1996","article-title":"Engineered DguaBA, DvirG Shigella flexneri 2a strain CVD1205: construction, safety, immunogenicity and protective efficacy as a mucosal vaccine","volume":"64","author":"Noriega","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.9.1963-1969.1987","article-title":"Evaluation with an iuc::Tn10 mutant of the role of aerobactin production in the virulence of Shigella flexneri","volume":"55","author":"Nassif","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.10.3867","article-title":"Identification of icsA, a plasmid locus of Shigella flexneri that governs bacterial intra- and intercellular spread through interaction with F-actin","volume":"86","author":"Bernardini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(89)90160-6","article-title":"Construction and evaluation of a double mutant of Shigella flexneri as a candidate for oral vaccination against shigellosis","volume":"7","author":"Sansonetti","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.7.3437-3443.1999","article-title":"Vaccination against shigellosis with attenuated Shigella flexneri 2a strain SC602","volume":"67","author":"Coster","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.2.923-930.2004","article-title":"Two studies evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of a live, attenuated Shigella flexneri 2a vaccine (SC602) and excretion of vaccine organismes in North American volunteers","volume":"72","author":"Katz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.4.2016-2021.2002","article-title":"Phase I evaluation of a virG deleted Shigella sonnei live, attenuated vaccine (Strain WRSS1) in healthy adult volunteers","volume":"70","author":"Kotloff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.2.782-788.1999","article-title":"Strategy for cross protection among Shigella flexneri serotypes","volume":"67","author":"Noriega","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1086\/424680","article-title":"Deletion of the Shigella enterotoxin genes further attenuates Shigella flexneri 2a bearing Guanine auxotrophy in a phase I trial of CVD1204 and CVD1208","volume":"190","author":"Kotloff","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.4746","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of CVD 12058, a live, oral D gna BA D sen D set Shigella flexneri 2a vaccine grown on animal free media","volume":"3","author":"Kotloff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1423","article-title":"An injected bacterial effector targets chromatin access for transcription factor NF-kappaB to alter transcription of host genes involved in immune responses","volume":"8","author":"Arbibe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S156","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165-Supplement_1-S156","article-title":"Further approaches for optimizing polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines for prevention of invasive bacterial disease","volume":"165","author":"Jennings","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00530.x","article-title":"Carbohydrate-protein conjugate vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Ada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2.5.633","article-title":"Conjugate vaccines","volume":"2","author":"Lockhart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3678","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.9.3678-3687.1993","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and clinical evaluation of conjugate vaccines composed of the O-specific polysaccharides of Shigella dysenteriae type 1, Shigella flexneri type 2a, and Shigella sonnei (Plesiomonas shigelloides) bound to bacterial toxoids","volume":"61","author":"Taylor","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1351-1357.2001","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of improved Shigella O-specific polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines in adults in Israel","volume":"69","author":"Passwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000078156.03697.a5","article-title":"Israel Shigella Study Group. Safety and immunogenicity of Shigella sonnei-CRM9 and Shigella flexneri type 2a-rEPAsucc conjugate vaccines in one- to four-year-old children","volume":"22","author":"Passwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)06255-1","article-title":"Double-blind vaccine-controlled randomised efficacy trial of an investigational Shigella sonnei conjugate vaccine in young adults","volume":"349","author":"Cohen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.72.1.33","article-title":"Studies on antibacterial immunity induced by artificial antigens. II. Immunity of experimental pneumococcal infection with antigens containing saccharides of synthetic origin","volume":"72","author":"Goebel","year":"1940","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2318(01)56004-7","article-title":"Oligosaccharide-protein conjugates as vaccine candidates against bacteria","volume":"56","author":"Pozsgay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem."},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14478","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706969104","article-title":"Effect of the nonreducing end of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 O-specific oligosaccharides on their immunogenicity as conjugates in mice","volume":"104","author":"Pozsgay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib33","first-page":"7","article-title":"Short-chain oligosaccharide protein conjugates as experimental pneumococcal vaccines","volume":"119","author":"Jansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1071\/CH02047","article-title":"Molecular mimicry of carbohydrates by peptides","volume":"55","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aust. J. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M510172200","article-title":"Toward a better understanding of the molecular basis of polysaccharide mimicry by oligosaccharides and peptides: the example of Shigella flexneri 5a","volume":"281","author":"Cl\u00e9ment","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3109\/08830180109043036","article-title":"Strategies for mimicking Neisserial saccharide epitopes as vaccines","volume":"20","author":"Gulati","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830271022","article-title":"Induction of anti-carbohydrate antibodies by phage library-selected peptide mimics","volume":"27","author":"Phalipon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)74460-3","article-title":"Binding of the O-antigen of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and 26 related synthetic fragments to a monoclonal IgM antibody","volume":"268","author":"Pavliak","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5194","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.9.5194","article-title":"Protein conjugates of synthetic saccharides elicit higher levels of serum IgG lipopolysaccharide antibodies in mice than do those of the O-specific polysaccharide from Shigella dysenteriae type 1","volume":"96","author":"Pozsgay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.3.1686","article-title":"Characterization of functional oligosaccharide mimics of the Shigella flexneri serotype 2a O-antigen: implications for the development of a chemically defined glycoconjugate vaccine","volume":"176","author":"Phalipon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1080\/07328300008544123","article-title":"Synthesis of the methyl glycosides of a di- and two trisaccharide fragments specific for the Shigella flexneri serotype 2a O-antigen","volume":"19","author":"Mulard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Carbohydr. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1080\/07328300008544139","article-title":"Linear synthesis of the methyl glycosides of tetra- and pentasaccharide fragments specific for the Shigella flexneri serotype 2a O-antigen","volume":"19","author":"Costachel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Carbohydr. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0957-4166(02)00580-3","article-title":"Convergent synthesis of the methyl glycosides of a tetra- and a pentasaccharide fragment of the Shigella flexneri 2a O-specific polysaccharide","volume":"13","author":"Segat-Dioury","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tetrahedron: Asymm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(02)02055-5","article-title":"Synthesis of the methyl glycoside of a branched octasaccharide fragment specific for the Shigella flexneri serotype 2a O-antigen","volume":"43","author":"B\u00e9lot","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1021\/jo035125b","article-title":"Blockwise approach to fragments of the O-specific polysaccharide of Shigella flexneri serotype 2a: convergent Synthesis of a decasaccharide representative of a dimer of the branched repeating unit","volume":"69","author":"B\u00e9lot","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2004.01.054","article-title":"Total synthesis of a tetra- and two pentasaccharide fragments of the O-specific polysaccharide of Shigella flexneri serotype 2a","volume":"60","author":"Mulard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200400903","article-title":"Synthesis of two linear PADRE-conjugates bearing a deca- or pentadecasaccharide B epitope as potential synthetic vaccines against Shigella flexneri serotype 2a infection","volume":"11","author":"B\u00e9lot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1039\/B400986J","article-title":"Preparation of synthetic glycoconjugates as potential vaccines against Shigella flexneri serotype 2a disease","volume":"2","author":"Wright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016_bib49","series-title":"Symposium on Carbohydrate-based Vaccines","first-page":"105","article-title":"From epitope characterization to the design of semi-synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines against Shigella flexneri 2a infection","author":"Phalipon","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Microbes and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1286457908001949?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1286457908001949?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T14:23:50Z","timestamp":1761143030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1286457908001949"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1286457908001949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1286-4579"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1286-4579","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Vaccination against shigellosis: is it the path that is difficult or is it the difficult that is the path?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbes and Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}