{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T01:27:54Z","timestamp":1782610074673,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4-5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":975,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010679","name":"Pasteur Institute of Iran","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbes and Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T13:28:07Z","timestamp":1616074087000},"page":"104810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Prolonged viral shedding and antibody persistence in patients with COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Fotouhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8892-8505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa","family":"Salehi-Vaziri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behrokh","family":"Farahmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Mostafavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hassan","family":"Pouriayevali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahmineh","family":"Jalali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahideh","family":"Mazaheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Sadat Larijani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Tavakoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azita","family":"Eshratkhah mohammadnejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Afzali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afsaneh","family":"Zokaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SeyedeAtefe","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Mahdi","family":"Mortazavipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"FaridehNiknam","family":"Oskouei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3502-8524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amitis","family":"Ramezani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2: review of current literature","volume":"42","author":"Fontana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib2","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Evaluating the accuracy of different respiratory specimens in the laboratory diagnosis and monitoring the viral shedding of 2019-nCoV infections","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3822","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c02624","article-title":"Diagnosing COVID-19: the disease and tools for detection","volume":"14","author":"Udugama","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0869-5","article-title":"Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idh.2020.05.002","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: the viral shedding vs infectivity dilemma","volume":"25","author":"Widders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30232-2","article-title":"Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1443","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1443","article-title":"Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China, January-March 2020: retrospective cohort study","volume":"369","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2504.181595","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection dynamics and antibody responses among clinically diverse patients, Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"Al-Abdely","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.05.004","article-title":"A\u00a0severe-type COVID-19 case with prolonged virus shedding","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.045","article-title":"Factors associated with duration of viral shedding in adults with COVID-19 outside of Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"96","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 by Re-infection Vs. Reactivation: a case series from Iran","author":"Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib12","first-page":"1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2, a virus with many faces: a series of cases with prolonged persistence of COVID-19 symptoms","volume":"171","author":"Sofian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wien Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-375156-0.00010-2","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of virus diseases","author":"Burrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fenner White's Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-021-00303-0","article-title":"Bioinformatics analysis of SARS-CoV-2 to approach an effective vaccine candidate against COVID-19","volume":"63","author":"Sadat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1177\/2472630320950248","article-title":"The virological, immunological, and imaging approaches for COVID-19 diagnosis and research","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"SLAS Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa344","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"71","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7S","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2020.04.055","article-title":"Understanding antibody testing for COVID-19","volume":"35","author":"Jacofsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"879","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib18","article-title":"Serological approaches for COVID-19: epidemiologic perspective on surveillance and control","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7809","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x","article-title":"Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019","volume":"581","author":"W\u00f6lfel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib20","first-page":"318","article-title":"Prolonged virus shedding even after seroconversion in a patient with COVID-19","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa344","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"71","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30783-0","article-title":"What reinfections mean for COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib23","unstructured":"Criteria for releasing COVID-19 patients from isolation [Internet]. World Health Organization (WHO). [cited 2020\/6\/26]."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040380","article-title":"Temporal profile and determinants of viral shedding and of viral clearance confirmation on nasopharyngeal swabs from SARS-CoV-2-positive subjects: a population-based prospective cohort study in Reggio Emilia, Italy","volume":"10","author":"Mancuso","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001190","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01190-2020","article-title":"Risk factors for viral RNA shedding in COVID-19 patients","volume":"56","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib26","article-title":"Association between body mass index and risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a nationwide case-control study in South Korea","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-020-02451-9","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection","volume":"52","author":"Henry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30415-X","article-title":"Risk of COVID-19-related death among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma prescribed inhaled corticosteroids: an observational cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform","volume":"8","author":"Schultze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Resp Med"},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abe0367","article-title":"Persistence and decay of human antibody responses to the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in COVID-19 patients","volume":"5","author":"Iyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abe5511","article-title":"Persistence of serum and saliva antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in COVID-19 patients","volume":"5","author":"Isho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048970","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers up to 6 months post disease onset","volume":"50","author":"Figueiredo-Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"}],"container-title":["Microbes and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1286457921000320?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1286457921000320?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T14:39:51Z","timestamp":1761143991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1286457921000320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4-5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1286457921000320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810","relation":{},"ISSN":["1286-4579"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1286-4579","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prolonged viral shedding and antibody persistence in patients with COVID-19","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbes and Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104810","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104810"}}