{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:03:22Z","timestamp":1790420602860,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]],"date-time":"2005-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,24]],"date-time":"2005-04-24T07:16:06Z","timestamp":1114326966000},"page":"209-225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["The detection of protective antigen (PA) associated with spores of Bacillus anthracis and the effects of anti-PA antibodies on spore germination and macrophage interactions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"C.K.","family":"Cote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.A.","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.S.","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.R.","family":"Morrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.L.","family":"Welkos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib1","volume":"20","author":"Friedlander","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anthrax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib2","first-page":"1077","article-title":"CDC: Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax","volume":"50","author":"Lustig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7973702","article-title":"The sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979","volume":"266","author":"Meselson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.647","article-title":"Anthrax","volume":"55","author":"Mock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib5","series-title":"Anthrax","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction: Anthrax history, disease, and ecology. Chapter 1","author":"Turnbull","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5331","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.44.100190.002531","article-title":"The genetics of bacterial spore germination","volume":"44","author":"Moir","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib7","series-title":"Molecular biology methods for Bacillus","first-page":"391","article-title":"Sporulation, germination and outgrowth","author":"Nicholson","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700730219","article-title":"The pathogenesis of anthrax following the administration of spores by the respiratory route","volume":"73","author":"Ross","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Pathol Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)02422-8","article-title":"The alveolar macrophage: the trojan horse of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"10","author":"Guidi-Rotani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02695.x","article-title":"Fate of germinated Bacillus anthracis spores in primary murine macrophages","volume":"42","author":"Guidi-Rotani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01137.x","article-title":"Germination of Bacillus anthracis spores within alveolar macrophages","volume":"31","author":"Guidi-Rotani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(99)01507-3","article-title":"Understanding Bacillus anthracis pathogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Hanna","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-6-1677","article-title":"The role of antibodies to Bacillus anthracis and anthrax toxin components in inhibiting the early stages of infection by anthrax spores","volume":"147","author":"Welkos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-51-10-821","article-title":"In-vitro characterisation of the phagocytosis and fate of anthrax spores in macrophages and the effects of anti-PA antibody","volume":"51","author":"Welkos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib15","article-title":"Anthrax toxin","volume":"vol. 145","author":"Leppla","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.56.7.1807-1813.1988","article-title":"Characterization of lethal factor binding and cell receptor binding domains of protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis using monoclonal antibodies","volume":"56","author":"Little","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.54.2.537-542.1986","article-title":"Cloning and expression of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen gene in Bacillus subtilis","volume":"54","author":"Ivins","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.3.1491-1496.2003","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-vectored vaccines protect mice against anthrax spore challenge","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4768","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00234-1","article-title":"In vitro correlate of immunity in a rabbit model of inhalational anthrax","volume":"19","author":"Pitt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1656(95)00092-5","article-title":"Development of novel vaccines against anthrax in man","volume":"44","author":"Stepanov","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"issue":"5\u201319","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib21","article-title":"Human anti-anthrax protective antigen neutralizing monoclonal antibodies derived from donors vaccinated with anthrax vaccine adsorbed","volume":"2","author":"Sawada-Hirai","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immune Based Therap Vacc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib22","first-page":"370","article-title":"Regulation of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen gene: CO2 and a trans-acting element activate transcription from one of two promoters","volume":"184","author":"Koehler","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.2.370-380.2002","article-title":"Control of anthrax toxin gene expression by the transition state regulator AbrB","volume":"184","author":"Saile","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5188","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.16.5188-5192.1994","article-title":"The three Bacillus anthracis toxin genes are coordinately regulated by bicarbonate and temperature","volume":"176","author":"Sirard","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(88)65019-1","article-title":"Production and purification of anthrax toxin","volume":"165","author":"Leppla","year":"1988","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib26","first-page":"42","article-title":"Encapsulation of Bacillus anthracis spores and spore identification","volume":"vol. 87","author":"Ezzell","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2003.10.019","article-title":"A microtiter fluorometric assay to detect the germination of Bacillus anthracis spores and the germination inhibitory effects of antibodies","volume":"56","author":"Welkos","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Microb Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8878","article-title":"Replicon-helper systems from attenuated venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: expression of heterologous genes in vitro and immunization against heterologous pathogens in vivo","volume":"239","author":"Pushko","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(99)00234-3","article-title":"Rapid and sensitive immunomagnetic-electrochemicaluminescent detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B","volume":"236","author":"Kijek","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5870","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.10.5870-5872.2002","article-title":"Macrophage-enhanced germination of Bacillus anthracis endospores requires gerS","volume":"70","author":"Ireland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)02373-9","article-title":"Maximum shields: the armor plating of the bacterial spore","volume":"10","author":"Driks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib32","first-page":"935","article-title":"Synthesis of exosporium during sporulation of Bacillus cereus","volume":"130","author":"Desrosier","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib33","first-page":"1504","article-title":"Cytology of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"26","author":"Gerhardt","year":"1967","journal-title":"Fed Proceed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib34","series-title":"Molecular sieving by dormant spore structures","first-page":"68","author":"Gerhardt","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib35","first-page":"630","article-title":"Specific reaction of the exosporium of the Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis","volume":"22","author":"Tomcsik","year":"1959","journal-title":"Schweiz Z Allgem Pathol Bakteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1139\/m68-217","article-title":"Ultrastructural differences in the exosporium of the Sterne and Vollum strains of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"15","author":"Kramer","year":"1968","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02695.x","article-title":"Fate of germinated Bacillus anthracis spores in primary murine macrophages","volume":"42","author":"Guidi-Rontani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2000.00067.x","article-title":"Early Bacillus anthracis-macrophage interactions: Intracellular survival and escape","volume":"2","author":"Dixon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cellular Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2004.06.013","article-title":"The use of a model of in vivo macrophage depletion to study the role of macrophages during infection with Bacillus anthracis spores","volume":"37","author":"Cote","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbial Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.1.521","article-title":"High bactericidal efficiency of type iia phospholipase A2 against Bacillus anthracis and inhibition of its secretion by the lethal toxin","volume":"173","author":"Gimenez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)62213-6","article-title":"The stability of messenger ribonucleic acid during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis","volume":"246","author":"Leighton","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(89)90108-3","article-title":"Resistance to the Sterne strain of B. anthracis: phagocytic cell responses of resistant and susceptible mice","volume":"7","author":"Welkos","year":"1989","journal-title":"Microb Pathogen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1980101","article-title":"Commitment of bacterial spores to germinate","volume":"198","author":"Stewart","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-45-1-1","article-title":"Isolation of an asporogenic (spo0A) protective antigen-producing strain of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"45","author":"Worsham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.51.3.795-800.1986","article-title":"Differences in susceptibility of inbred mice to Bacillus anthracis","volume":"51","author":"Welkos","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infect Immun"}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401005000215?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401005000215?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T13:01:39Z","timestamp":1625835699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401005000215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0882401005000215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]}}}