{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:44:27Z","timestamp":1790628267791,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5450820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5450820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["02-01-04-SF2459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02-01-04-SF2459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]],"date-time":"2018-04-27T22:16:16Z","timestamp":1524867376000},"page":"55-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The re-emerging of orf virus infection: A call for surveillance, vaccination and effective control measures"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7365-8856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamilu Abubakar","family":"Bala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishnan Nair","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwaq Ahmed","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramlan","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4065-8996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abd Wahid","family":"Haron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faez Firdaus Abdullah","family":"Jesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustapha M.","family":"Noordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Lila","family":"Mohd-Azmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.14737\/journal.aavs\/2015\/3.12.649.676","article-title":"Contagious pustular dermatitis (orf disease)\u2013epidemiology, diagnosis, control and public health concerns","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-015-0278-4","article-title":"Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of caprine Orf virus in Malaysia","volume":"26","author":"Abdullah","year":"2015","journal-title":"VirusDisease"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2014.04.001","article-title":"Orf disease: a report of a case","volume":"18","author":"Koufakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib4","first-page":"152","article-title":"Orf: contagious pustular dermatitis","volume":"103","author":"Nadeem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ir. Med. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236511","article-title":"Severe complications induced by experimental bacterial superinfection of orf lesions","volume":"25","author":"Zamri-Saad","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-018-2726-1","article-title":"Effect of dexamethasone administration on the pathogenicity and lesion severity in rats experimentally inoculated with Orf virus (Malaysian isolates)","author":"Jesse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.3390\/v7031505","article-title":"Molecular genetic analysis of orf virus: a poxvirus that has adapted to skin","volume":"7","author":"Fleming","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.07.015","article-title":"Zoonotic risks from small ruminants","volume":"181","author":"Ganter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3844\/ajavsp.2015.133.140","article-title":"Closing the gaps in rat cytomegalovirus ALL-03 (Malaysian strain) genomic scaffold","volume":"10","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.052","article-title":"In vitro activity of VEGF-E produced by orf virus strains isolated from classical and severe persistent contagious ecthyma","volume":"114","author":"Scagliarini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib11","first-page":"178","article-title":"Sero-prevalence study of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors attending selected blood banks in some local government areas in Kano, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Kawo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Publ. Health Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.14737\/journal.jahp\/2017\/5.1.24.28","article-title":"Severe persistent case of contagious ecthyma (orf) in goats","volume":"5","author":"Muhammad Abubakar Sadiq","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Health Prod."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib13","first-page":"82","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of Orf virus from natural outbreaks in goats of Assam","volume":"26","author":"Bora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-562","article-title":"Orf virus DNA vaccines expressing ORFV 011 and ORFV 059 chimeric protein enhances immunogenicity","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"issue":"4s","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib15","article-title":"First report of digestive form of contagious echtyma in yeanling: a case report","volume":"10","author":"Mashayekhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1575-5","article-title":"First molecular characterization of a Turkish orf virus strain from a human based on a partial B2L sequence","volume":"158","author":"Karakas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib17","first-page":"1425","article-title":"Severe inflammatory orf infection in fancy shami goats in Saudi Arabia","volume":"5","author":"Housawi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scientific Journal of King Faisal University (Basic and Applied Sciences)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2013.14.2.227","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of orf viruses from Korean black goats","volume":"14","author":"Oem","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0535-1","article-title":"Molecular characterization of orf virus in goats in Gabon, central Africa","volume":"13","author":"Maganga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5897\/JVMAH2014.0289","article-title":"Confirmatory diagnosis of contagious ecthyma (Orf) by polymerase chain reaction at Adet Sheep Research Sub-Center, Ethiopia: a case report","volume":"6","author":"Ferede","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v79i1.499","article-title":"Orf in South Africa: endemic but neglected: original research","volume":"79","author":"Scagliarini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-79","article-title":"Characterisation of parapoxviruses isolated from Norwegian semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)","volume":"2","author":"Klein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-47","article-title":"Detection and phylogenetic analysis of Orf virus from sheep in Brazil: a case report","volume":"6","author":"Abrah\u00e3o","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(03)00095-9","article-title":"Characterization of a North American orf virus isolated from a goat with persistent, proliferative dermatitis","volume":"93","author":"Guo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(88)90052-7","article-title":"Studies of the pathogenesis of orf virus infection in sheep","volume":"99","author":"McKeever","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(87)90077-0","article-title":"A qualitative and quantitative assessment of the humoral antibody response of the sheep to orf virus infection","volume":"15","author":"McKeever","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.015","article-title":"Orf virus IL-10 reduces monocyte, dendritic cell and mast cell recruitment to inflamed skin","volume":"213","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-015-0198-9","article-title":"dUTPase: the frequently overlooked enzyme encoded by many retroviruses","volume":"12","author":"Hizi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.1.168-177.2004","article-title":"Genomes of the parapoxviruses ORF virus and bovine papular stomatitis virus","volume":"78","author":"Delhon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.12.015","article-title":"Comparative and retrospective molecular analysis of Parapoxvirus (PPV) isolates","volume":"181","author":"Friederichs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.09.011","article-title":"Comparative analysis of genome sequences of three isolates of Orf virus reveals unexpected sequence variation","volume":"116","author":"Mercer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.06.014","article-title":"Orf virus inhibits interferon stimulated gene expression and modulates the JAK\/STAT signalling pathway","volume":"208","author":"Harvey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.04.018","article-title":"Major amino acid sequence variants of viral vascular endothelial growth factor are functionally equivalent during Orf virus infection of sheep skin","volume":"128","author":"Wise","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74605","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074605","article-title":"Inactivated orf virus shows antifibrotic activity and inhibits human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in preclinical models","volume":"8","author":"Paulsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3089.2010.00616.x","article-title":"Isolation, density purification, and in vitro culture maintenance of functional caprine islets of Langerhans as an alternative islet source for diabetes study","volume":"17","author":"Hani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1179\/016164107X158965","article-title":"Molecular genetic analysis of BAX and cyclin D1 genes in patients with malignant glioma","volume":"29","author":"Abdullah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01702883","article-title":"Sequence and transcriptional analysis of an orf virus gene encoding ankyrinlike repeat sequences","volume":"9","author":"Sullivan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virus Gene."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102353","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and vaccination efficacy of contagious ovine ecthyma (orf) in England","volume":"175","author":"Onyango","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.06.020","article-title":"Identification and comparison of RCMV ALL 03 open reading frame (ORF) among several different strains of cytomegalovirus worldwide","volume":"54","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-5956-10-4","article-title":"Novel immune-modulator identified by a rapid, functional screen of the parapoxvirus ovis (Orf virus) genome","volume":"10","author":"McGuire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proteome Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-015-1189-6","article-title":"Identification and molecular characterization of Orf virus in Argentina","volume":"50","author":"Peralta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Gene."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1946-6","article-title":"Comparison and phylogenetic analysis based on the B2L gene of orf virus from goats and sheep in China during 2009-2011","volume":"159","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib45","first-page":"376","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of contagious pustular dermatitis virus from Rajasthan, India","volume":"25","author":"Maan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.08.010","article-title":"Orf virus infection in sheep or goats","volume":"181","author":"Spyrou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12157","article-title":"Orf","volume":"25","author":"McInnes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2010.11.018","article-title":"Current status of contagious ecthyma or orf disease in goat and sheep\u2014a global perspective","volume":"96","author":"Nandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.07.029","article-title":"A severe outbreak of contagious ecthyma (orf) in a free-ranging musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) population in Norway","volume":"127","author":"Vik\u00f8ren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib50","first-page":"77","article-title":"Contagious ecthyma in sheep in Mosul area","volume":"5","author":"Hussain","year":"1992","journal-title":"Iraqi J. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib51","article-title":"A survey of ovine contagious pustular dermatitis","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib52","first-page":"135","article-title":"Contagious echtyma in sheep and goats in the semiarid of Para\u00edba","volume":"28","author":"N\u00f3brega","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brazil. Pesquisa Veterin\u00e1ria Brasileira"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib53","article-title":"Case report on orf in sheep in Faisalabad Pakistan","volume":"4","author":"Abbas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Vet. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib54","first-page":"173","article-title":"Human orf: echtyma contagiosum report of five cases","volume":"32","author":"Unal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9552.2005.tb00126.x","article-title":"Updated estimates of the costs associated with thirty four endemic livestock diseases in Great Britain: a note","volume":"56","author":"Bennett","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2012000100003","article-title":"Experimental vaccine produced in tissue culture confers partial protection against contagious ecthyma in sheep","volume":"32","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(99)00144-5","article-title":"Detection and diagnosis of parapoxvirus by the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"84","author":"Inoshima","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol Meth."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib58","first-page":"26","article-title":"Comparative ultrastructure of viruses of camel pox, pox-like disease of camels (\" auzdyk\") and contagious ecthyma of sheep","volume":"17","author":"Rosliakov","year":"1972","journal-title":"Vopr. Virusol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib59","first-page":"122","article-title":"Camel contagious ecthyma (pustular dermatitis)","volume":"28","author":"Dashtseren","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02359612","article-title":"A severe outbreak of orf involving the buccal cavity of goats","volume":"24","author":"Zamri-Saad","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9186","article-title":"Soremouth in sheep and goats at the mankon animal research station, Cameroon","volume":"44","author":"Nfi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Revue d\u2019\u00e9levage et de m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des pays tropicaux"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.22.2127","article-title":"Smallpox as a biological weapon: medical and public health management","volume":"281","author":"Henderson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200404000-00003","article-title":"Zoonotic poxvirus infections in humans","volume":"17","author":"Lewis-Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib64","article-title":"Studies on orf virus infections in sheep","author":"Frerichs","year":"1980","journal-title":"Studies on orf virus infections in sheep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib65","series-title":"Annales de Recherches V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires","first-page":"571","article-title":"Ecthyma contagieux du mouton: anticorps seriques neutralisants","author":"Poulain","year":"1972"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(89)90088-6","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro characteristics of contagious ecthyma virus isolates: host response mechanism","volume":"19","author":"Hussain","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-74-11-2339","article-title":"Interactions between equine herpesvirus type 1 and equine herpesvirus type 4: T cell responses in a murine infection model","volume":"74","author":"Azmi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-74-2-275","article-title":"Cell-mediated antiviral response to equine herpesvirus type 1 demonstrated in a murine infection model by means of adoptive transfer of immune cells","volume":"74","author":"Azmi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141049","article-title":"Poxviruses and immune evasion","volume":"21","author":"Seet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20133358","article-title":"Inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis induces a transient increase in the expression of proinflammatory, Th1-related, and autoregulatory cytokines in mice","volume":"47","author":"Anziliero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.028894-0","article-title":"Characterization of immunostimulatory components of orf virus (parapoxvirus ovis)","volume":"92","author":"Friebe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/1040-840291046722","article-title":"Immune response to poxvirus infections in various animals","volume":"28","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib73","first-page":"537","article-title":"Production and efficacy of an attenuated live vaccine against contagious ovine ecthyma","volume":"44","author":"Mercante","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.12.116","article-title":"Animal poxvirus vaccines: a comprehensive review","volume":"11","author":"Bhanuprakash","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expet Rev. Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2005.06.007","article-title":"Control measures for some important and unusual goat diseases in southern Africa","volume":"60","author":"Bath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.138.8.184","article-title":"Tissue culture-propagated orf virus vaccine protects lambs from orf virus challenge","volume":"138","author":"Nettleton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.10.039","article-title":"Experimental parapoxvirus infection (contagious ecthyma) in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)","volume":"162","author":"Tryland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.10.1366","article-title":"Development of a contagious ecthyma vaccine for goats","volume":"69","author":"Musser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.1.86","article-title":"Evaluation of homologous and heterologous protection induced by a virulent field strain of orf virus and an orf vaccine in goats","volume":"73","author":"Musser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(98)00298-3","article-title":"Cellular and humoral responses in the respiratory tract of goats following intranasal stimulation using formalin-killed Pasteurella haemolytica A2","volume":"65","author":"Zamri-Saad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.121","article-title":"A new recombinant Orf virus (ORFV, Parapoxvirus) protects rabbits against lethal infection with rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV)","volume":"29","author":"Rohde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2298\/VETGL0706301G","article-title":"Field evaluation of an orf vaccine in sheep and goat flocks with high neonatal mortality","volume":"61","author":"Giadinis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Glas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-12-70","article-title":"Enhanced cell disruption strategy in the release of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen from Pichia pastoris using response surface methodology","volume":"12","author":"Tam","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VERC.0000045429.78312.f6","article-title":"Cloning and expression of the Orf virus F1L gene: possible use as a subunit vaccine","volume":"28","author":"Gallina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1967.tb04827.x","article-title":"An unusual outbreak of contagious ecthyma (scabby mouth) in sheep","volume":"43","author":"Gardiner","year":"1967","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"issue":"11\/12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib86","first-page":"1493","article-title":"Contagious pustular dermatitis in Egypt from 1959 to 1978 and its control by the use of a wet local vaccine","volume":"92","author":"El-Dahaby","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull. Off. Int. Epizoot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib87","first-page":"2","article-title":"Preliminary studies on some characteristic of ovine CPD virus","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"1986","journal-title":"Chinese J Vet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib88","first-page":"535","article-title":"Control of contagious ecthyma in sheep by means of a new parenteral cell culture derived live vaccine","volume":"28","author":"Mayr","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Med. Vet. B"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-007-8019-9","article-title":"Expression of recombinant human epidermal growth factor in Escherichia coli and characterization of its biological activity","volume":"144","author":"Abdull Razis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib90","first-page":"41","article-title":"The periplasmic expression of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) in Escherichia coli","volume":"14","author":"Razis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Mol. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.02.061","article-title":"Scaling-up recombinant plasmid DNA for clinical trial: current concern, solution and status","volume":"30","author":"Ismail","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib92","first-page":"131","article-title":"Goat pox: immunogenicity of vaccine virus modified in cell culture","volume":"150","author":"Ramyar","year":"1974","journal-title":"Recl. Med. Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib93","first-page":"71","article-title":"Natural transmission of contagious pustular dermatitis from sheep and goats to man, and a case of person-to-person transmission","volume":"70","author":"Verdes","year":"1970","journal-title":"Rev. Pathol. Comp. Med. Exp."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(00)00307-2","article-title":"Generation of recombinant parapoxviruses: non-essential genes suitable for insertion and expression of foreign genes","volume":"83","author":"Rziha","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(99)00141-8","article-title":"Parapoxviruses: potential alternative vectors for directing the immune response in permissive and non-permissive hosts","volume":"73","author":"Rziha","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.10.079","article-title":"Development of orf virus as a bifunctional recombinant vaccine: surface display of Echinococcus granulosus antigen EG95 by fusion to membrane structural proteins","volume":"30","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.12.102","article-title":"Evaluation of recombinant fowlpox virus expressing infectious bronchitis virus S1 gene and chicken interferon-\u03b3 gene for immune protection against heterologous strains","volume":"29","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0489-3","article-title":"Molecular characterization of orf virus from sheep and goats in Ethiopia, 2008\u20132013","volume":"13","author":"Gelaye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.04.025","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of orf viruses by a single-step PCR","volume":"160","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol Meth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib102","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Orf virus isolated from sheep in Uruguay","author":"Olivero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100634","article-title":"Looking back: a genetic retrospective study of Brazilian Orf virus isolates","volume":"171","author":"Abrah\u00e3o","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.018374-0","article-title":"The genome of pseudocowpoxvirus: comparison of a reindeer isolate and a reference strain","volume":"91","author":"Hautaniemi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib105","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of orf infection based on IgM antibody detection in sheep and goats from selected small ruminant farms in Malaysia","author":"Jesse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057_bib106","first-page":"217","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in some selected hospitals in Kano, Nigeria. (IRJM) (ISSN: 2141-5463)","volume":"3","author":"Bala","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Research Journal of Microbiology"}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401017305028?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401017305028?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:20:00Z","timestamp":1760109600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401017305028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["S0882401017305028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The re-emerging of orf virus infection: A call for surveillance, vaccination and effective control measures","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbial Pathogenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.057","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}