{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:16:27Z","timestamp":1760145387020,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]],"date-time":"2018-10-29T21:43:19Z","timestamp":1540849399000},"page":"116-122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A comprehensive review on past, present and future aspects of canine theileriosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Hammad","family":"Nayyar Ghauri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahid Hussain","family":"Farooqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Awais","family":"Ghaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sehrish","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Kashif","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Umair","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Usman","family":"Ghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Rafi","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hafiz Manzoor","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x","article-title":"The revised classification of eukaryotes","volume":"59","author":"Adl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S271","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003004748","article-title":"Theileria: intracellular protozoan parasites of wild and domestic ruminants transmitted by ixodid ticks","volume":"129","author":"BISHOP","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.07.004","article-title":"Babesia: a world emerging","volume":"12","author":"Schnittger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1808-7","article-title":"A review of piroplasmid infections in wild carnivores worldwide: importance for domestic animal health and wildlife conservation","volume":"9","author":"Alvarado-Rybak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.04.023","article-title":"Babesiosis in dogs and cats\u2014expanding parasitological and clinical spectra","volume":"181","author":"Solano-Gallego","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.035","article-title":"Babesia\u2014a historical overview","volume":"138","author":"Uilenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1991.tb03194.x","article-title":"Clinical and pathological findings of Babesia infection in dogs","volume":"68","author":"IRWIN","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-28","article-title":"Canine vector-borne diseases in India: a review of the literature and identification of existing knowledge gaps","volume":"3","author":"Megat Abd Rani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.036","article-title":"Babesiosis of wild carnivores and ungulates","volume":"138","author":"Penzhorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.03.012","article-title":"Molecular survey of Babesia infection in dogs in Okinawa, Japan","volume":"121","author":"Inokuma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.09.022","article-title":"PCR\u2013RFLP for the detection and differentiation of the canine piroplasm species and its use with filter paper-based technologies","volume":"144","author":"Jefferies","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2009.00489.x","article-title":"Clinical management of canine babesiosis","volume":"20","author":"Ayoob","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005557","article-title":"\u201cBabesia gibsoni\u201d of dogs from North America and Asia belong to different species","volume":"120","author":"Zahler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.044","article-title":"Babesia conradae, sp. Nov., a small canine Babesia identified in California","volume":"138","author":"Kjemtrup","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.149.18.552","article-title":"Infection of dogs in north-west Spain with a Babesia microti-like agent","volume":"149","author":"Camacho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib16","first-page":"381","article-title":"Natural infection by a Babesia microti-like piroplasm in a splenectomised dog","volume":"150","author":"Camacho","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00202-8","article-title":"Detection of a new pathogenic Babesia microti-like species in dogs","volume":"89","author":"Zahler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.06.025","article-title":"Detection of a Theileria species in dogs in South Africa","volume":"157","author":"Matjila","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0830-5","article-title":"Reclassification of Theileria annae as Babesia vulpes sp. nov","volume":"8","author":"Baneth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.043","article-title":"Piroplasma infection in dogs in northern Spain","volume":"138","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.164.4.112","article-title":"PCR survey of vectorborne pathogens in dogs living in and around Barcelona, an area endemic for leishmaniasis","volume":"164","author":"Tabar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-50","article-title":"Babesiosis due to the canine Babesia microti-like small piroplasm in dogs - first report from Portugal and possible vertical transmission","volume":"4","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.060","article-title":"Prevalence of Babesia microti-like infection in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Portugal","volume":"196","author":"Cardoso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.05.022","article-title":"Molecular detection of Theileria annae and Hepatozoon canis in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Croatia","volume":"172","author":"De\u017e\u0111ek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.12.005","article-title":"Diversity of Babesia and Theileria species in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs in Croatia","volume":"39","author":"Beck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib26","first-page":"33","article-title":"Animal babesiosis: an emerging zoonosis also in Italy?","volume":"49","author":"Pietrobelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0001","article-title":"Wild ungulates as Babesia hosts in northern and Central Italy","volume":"8","author":"Tampieri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-70","article-title":"Piroplasmosis in wildlife: Babesia and Theileria affecting free-ranging ungulates and carnivores in the Italian Alps","volume":"7","author":"Zanet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.01.005","article-title":"A molecular survey of Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and their ticks from Thuringia, Germany","volume":"5","author":"Najm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib30","first-page":"521","article-title":"Fox on the run \u2013 molecular surveillance of fox blood and tissue for the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in Austria","volume":"7","author":"Duscher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-55-50","article-title":"Theileria annae in a young Swedish dog","volume":"55","author":"Falken\u00f6","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.235.5.535","article-title":"Detection of Babesia gibsoni and the canine small Babesia \u201cSpanish isolate\u201d in blood samples obtained from dogs confiscated from dogfighting operations","volume":"235","author":"Yeagley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.2.615","article-title":"Babesia (Theileria) annae in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from prince edward island, Canada","volume":"46","author":"Clancey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.05.020","article-title":"Babesia microti-like infections are prevalent in North American foxes","volume":"172","author":"Birkenheuer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003003822","article-title":"What is Babesia microti?","volume":"127","author":"Goethert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00141-9","article-title":"Molecular studies on Babesia, Theileria and Hepatozoon in southern Europe: Part II. Phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary history","volume":"114","author":"Criado-Fornelio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-010-0030-6","article-title":"Apicomplexan parasites of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in northeastern Poland","volume":"55","author":"Karbowiak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0660-5","article-title":"First report on Babesia cf. microti infection of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Hungary","volume":"8","author":"Farkas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5379-0","article-title":"Dermacentor reticulatus, a putative vector of Babesia cf. microti (syn. Theileria annae) piroplasm","volume":"116","author":"Hod\u017ei\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005026","article-title":"Serum protein response and renal failure in canine Babesia annae infection","volume":"36","author":"Camacho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.09.012","article-title":"Do eosinophils have a role in the severity of Babesia annae infection?","volume":"134","author":"Camacho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib42","first-page":"84","article-title":"Detection of Babesia annae DNA in lung exudate samples from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in great Britain, parasit","volume":"9","author":"Bartley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1567-5","article-title":"Naming no names: comments on the taxonomy of small piroplasmids in canids","volume":"9","author":"Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.012","article-title":"A serosurvey of Hepatozoon canis and Ehrlichia canis antibodies in wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Israel","volume":"119","author":"Fishman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-S1-S4","article-title":"Canine babesiosis: from molecular taxonomy to control","volume":"2","author":"Irwin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0825-2","article-title":"Theileria annae (syn. Babesia microti-like) infection in dogs in NW Spain detected using direct and indirect diagnostic techniques: clinical report of 75 cases","volume":"8","author":"Mir\u00f3","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.06.044","article-title":"Canine piroplasmosis in Italy: epidemiological aspects in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts","volume":"165","author":"Cassini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.02.027","article-title":"Tick reservoirs for piroplasms in central and northern Italy","volume":"170","author":"Iori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-010-0009-0","article-title":"Evidence of new pathogenic Theileria species in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Dixit","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.685","article-title":"Coevolutionary analyses of the relationships between piroplasmids and their hard tick hosts","volume":"3","author":"Gou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.004","article-title":"New data on epizootiology and genetics of piroplasms based on sequences of small ribosomal subunit and cytochrome b genes","volume":"142","author":"Criado","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib52","first-page":"189","article-title":"Molecular studies on Babesia, Theileria and hepatozoon in southern Europe Part I","volume":"113","author":"Criado-fornelio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epizootiological aspects \u0b1d"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-119","article-title":"Occurrence of tick-transmitted pathogens in dogs in Jos, plateau state, Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Adamu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2106-8","article-title":"The prevalence and impact of Babesia canis and Theileria sp. in free-ranging grey wolf (Canis lupus) populations in Croatia","volume":"10","author":"Beck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-194","article-title":"Epidemiology of East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection) in Kenya: past, present and the future","volume":"5","author":"Gachohi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib56","first-page":"1836","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular diagnosis of Theileria annulata in bovine from three distinct zones of Khyber pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan","volume":"27","author":"Farooqi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.Anim. Plant Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.2.632","article-title":"Asymptomatic Babesia microti-like parasite infection in wild raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in South Korea","volume":"2","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.09.042","article-title":"New advances in molecular epizootiology of canine hematic protozoa from Venezuela, Thailand and Spain","volume":"144","author":"Criado-Fornelio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.02.021","article-title":"A molecular survey of Piroplasmida and Hepatozoon isolated from domestic and wild animals in Burgos (northern Spain)","volume":"162","author":"Gimenez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12137","article-title":"A molecular survey of Anaplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia canis and Babesia microti in foxes and fleas from sicily","volume":"60","author":"Torina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0692-x","article-title":"A molecular survey of vector-borne pathogens in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Bosnia and Herzegovina","volume":"8","author":"Hod\u017ei\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.11.003","article-title":"Molecular detection of vector-borne pathogens in wild and domestic carnivores and their ticks at the human\u2013wildlife interface","volume":"7","author":"Mill\u00e1n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1804-3","article-title":"A PCR study of piroplasms in 166 dogs and 111 horses in France (March 2006 to March 2008)","volume":"106","author":"Fritz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-2839-4","article-title":"Stray dogs of northern Jordan as reservoirs of ticks and tick-borne hemopathogens","volume":"111","author":"Qablan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002108","article-title":"Molecular detection and characterization of tick-borne pathogens in dogs and ticks from Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Kamani","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v85i1.1114","article-title":"Theileriosis in six dogs in South Africa and its potential clinical significance","volume":"85","author":"Rosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1797","article-title":"Canine Babesioses in noninvestigated areas of Serbia","volume":"15","author":"Gabrielli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.05.009","article-title":"Neospora caninum antibodies in wild carnivores from Spain","volume":"155","author":"Sobrino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-009-0031-5","article-title":"Molecular characterization of arthropod-borne hematozoans in wild mammals from Brazil, Venezuela and Spain","volume":"54","author":"Criado-Fornelio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2014.12.001","article-title":"Wildlife reservoirs for vector-borne canine, feline and zoonotic infections in Austria","volume":"4","author":"Duscher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.11.005","article-title":"Dogs, arthropod-transmitted pathogens and zoonotic diseases","volume":"26","author":"Cardoso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib73","first-page":"100","article-title":"Cats as reservoir of Babesia microti","volume":"49","author":"Pennisi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(03)00044-0","article-title":"Presence of Mycoplasma haemofelis, Mycoplasma haemominutum and piroplasmids in cats from southern Europe: a molecular study","volume":"93","author":"Criado-Fornelio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.67.825","article-title":"Babesia microti-like parasites detected in feral raccoons (Procyon lotor) captured in hokkaido, Japan","volume":"67","author":"KAWABUCHI","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3083.1","article-title":"Babesia microti in rodents and raccoons from northeast Florida","volume":"98","author":"Clark","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1596-0","article-title":"A review of canine babesiosis: the European perspective","volume":"9","author":"Solano-Gallego","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00417-X","article-title":"Ixodes hexagonus is the main candidate as vector of Theileria annae in northwest Spain","volume":"112","author":"Camacho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib79","first-page":"2011","article-title":"Distribution of ixodid tick species and associated risk factors in temporal zones of Khyber pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan, Pakistan","volume":"49","author":"Farooqi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.07.024","article-title":"Babesia canis canis and Babesia canis vogeli clinicopathological findings and DNA detection by means of PCR-RFLP in blood from Italian dogs suspected of tick-borne disease","volume":"157","author":"Solano-Gallego","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(03)00164-8","article-title":"Case-control study of canine infection by a newly recognised Babesia microti-like piroplasm","volume":"61","author":"Guiti\u00e1n","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib84","first-page":"141","article-title":"Azotemia and mortality among Babesia microti-like infected dogs","volume":"18","author":"Camacho","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2014.12.006","article-title":"A review of Theileria diagnostics and epidemiology","volume":"4","author":"Mans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.227.942","article-title":"Geographic distribution of babesiosis among dogs in the United States and association with dog bites: 150 cases (2000-2003)","volume":"227","author":"Birkenheuer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4172","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.9.4172-4177.2003","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a seminested PCR for detection and differentiation of Babesia gibsoni (Asian genotype) and B. canis DNA in canine blood samples","volume":"41","author":"Birkenheuer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib88","first-page":"119","article-title":"Confirmation of occurrence of Babesia canis vogeli in domestic dogs in South Africa, Vet","volume":"122","author":"Matjila","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.09.002","article-title":"Identification of Babesia species infecting dogs using reverse line blot hybridization for six canine piroplasms, and evaluation of co-infection by other vector-borne pathogens","volume":"191","author":"Yisaschar-Mekuzas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1980.41.12.2102","article-title":"Canine babesiosis: indirect fluorescent antibody test for a North American isolate of Babesia gibsoni","volume":"41","author":"Anderson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1987.48.03.339","article-title":"Antibody activity to Babesia canis in dogs in North Carolina","volume":"48","author":"Levy","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib92","first-page":"1","article-title":"Serological and molecular prevalence of equine piroplasmosis in Western Java, Indonesia","volume":"14","author":"Nugraha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Reports."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.3.1147-1151.2003","article-title":"High-level expression and purification of a truncated merozoite antigen-2 of Babesia equi in Escherichia coli and its potential for immunodiagnosis","volume":"41","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.1.359-361.2004","article-title":"Development of an immunochromatographic test with recombinant EMA-2 for the rapid detection of antibodies against Babesia equi in horses","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0649-0","article-title":"Guideline for veterinary practitioners on canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in Europe","volume":"8","author":"Sainz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.66.871","article-title":"Effects of central Kalimantan plant extracts on intraerythrocytic Babesia gibsoni in culture","volume":"66","author":"Subeki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00256-07","article-title":"Babesial vector tick defensin against Babesia sp. parasites","volume":"75","author":"Tsuji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2010.06.004","article-title":"Artesunate, a potential drug for treatment of Babesia infection","volume":"59","author":"Goo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-864136","article-title":"Anti-babesial activity of some Central Kalimantan plant extracts and active oligostilbenoids from Shorea balangeran","volume":"71","author":"Subeki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.045","article-title":"A review of the small canine piroplasms from California: Babesia conradae in the literature","volume":"138","author":"Kjemtrup","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.048","article-title":"Chemotherapy against babesiosis","volume":"138","author":"Vial","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0440.x","article-title":"Babesiosis caused by a large Babesia species in 7 immunocompromised dogs","volume":"24","author":"Sikorski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200011163432004","article-title":"Atovaquone and azithromycin for the treatment of babesiosis","volume":"343","author":"Krause","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.07.005","article-title":"Efficacy of atovaquone against Babesia gibsoni in vivo and in vitro","volume":"124","author":"Matsuu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.03.016","article-title":"Babesia gibsoni: detection during experimental infections and after combined atovaquone and azithromycin therapy","volume":"117","author":"Jefferies","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0300.x","article-title":"Possible emergence of drug-resistant variants of Babesia gibsoni in clinical cases treated with atovaquone and azithromycin","volume":"23","author":"Sakuma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.01.006","article-title":"Re-emergence of Babesia conradae and effective treatment of infected dogs with atovaquone and azithromycin","volume":"187","author":"Di Cicco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02573.x","article-title":"Efficacy of combined atovaquone and azithromycin for therapy of chronic Babesia gibsoni (Asian genotype) infections in dogs","volume":"18","author":"Birkenheuer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-014-0457-z","article-title":"Control and therapeutic management of bovine tropical theileriosis in crossbred cattle","volume":"40","author":"Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.65.1171","article-title":"In-vivo therapeutic efficacy trial with Artemisinin derivative, buparvaquone and imidocarb dipropionate against Babesia equi infection in donkeys","volume":"65","author":"Kumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.04.017","article-title":"In-vitro sensitivity of Pakistani Leishmania tropica field isolate against buparvaquone in comparison to standard anti-leishmanial drugs","volume":"154","author":"Jamal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"year":"2018","series-title":"Chemotherapy of Bovine Theileriosis with Halofuginone\u202f: Short Communication","author":"Zeitschrift","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib112"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050431","article-title":"Redescription of Babesia equi laveran, 1901 as Theileria equi Mehlhorn, Schein 1998","volume":"84","author":"Mehlhorn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib114","first-page":"33","article-title":"Chemotherapy of Theileria parva lawrencei infections in cattle with halofuginone","volume":"50","author":"De Vos","year":"1983","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib115","first-page":"165","article-title":"Chemotherapy of East Coast fever. Treatment of infections induced by isolates of Theileria parva with halofuginone","volume":"43","author":"Dolan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib116","first-page":"231","article-title":"Electron microscopical study on the effect of halofuginone on Theileria parva","volume":"32","author":"Mehlhorn","year":"1981","journal-title":"Tropenmed. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/09583150050114972","article-title":"Fungal Biocontrol of Acari","volume":"10","author":"Chandler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biocontrol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-009-1430-x","article-title":"Altitudinal patterns of tick and host abundance: a potential role for climate change in regulating tick-borne diseases?","volume":"162","author":"Gilbert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.02.006","article-title":"Vaccination against canine babesiosis","volume":"21","author":"Schetters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.02.005","article-title":"Managing canine vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern: part two","volume":"25","author":"Otranto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401018313731?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401018313731?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:19:56Z","timestamp":1760109596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401018313731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":117,"alternative-id":["S0882401018313731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0882-4010"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A comprehensive review on past, present and future aspects of canine theileriosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbial Pathogenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.033","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}