{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T23:14:08Z","timestamp":1787872448157,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T23:01:31Z","timestamp":1613602891000},"page":"104803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The association of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with atherosclerosis: Review and update of in vitro and animal studies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"154","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1094-5812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Khoshbayan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fateme","family":"Taheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid Taati","family":"Moghadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Chegini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1680-0427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aref","family":"Shariati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro796","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae\u2014an infectious risk factor for atherosclerosis?","volume":"2","author":"Campbell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib2","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Bergey","year":"1984"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.87.4.1408","article-title":"Chlamydia in atherosclerosis","volume":"87","author":"Grayston","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0404.980407","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae and cardiovascular disease","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00352.x","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Belland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib6","series-title":"Background and current knowledge of Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis","author":"Grayston","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2002.00382.x","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis\u2013what we know and what we don't","volume":"8","author":"Ngeh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology and infection"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmaa005","article-title":"The role of human cytomegalovirus in atherosclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Infection and atherosclerosis: TLR-dependent pathways","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"issue":"8618","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90741-6","article-title":"Serological evidence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction","volume":"332","author":"Saikku","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib11","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Evidence of type 2 herpes simplex infection in human coronary arteries at the time of coronary artery bypass surgery","volume":"11","author":"Raza-Ahmad","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.4.618","article-title":"A new respiratory tract pathogen: Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR","volume":"161","author":"Grayston","year":"1990","journal-title":"JID (J. Infect. Dis.)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-4-273","article-title":"Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study","volume":"116","author":"Saikku","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(98)00114-2","article-title":"Seroepidemiological evidence for an association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis","volume":"140","author":"Orfila","year":"1998","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.11.2766-2769.1996","article-title":"Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae but not Helicobacter pylori in atherosclerotic plaques of aortic aneurysms","volume":"34","author":"Blasi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.37.913","article-title":"Association of chronic infection of Chlamydia pneumoniae and coronary heart disease in the Japanese","volume":"37","author":"Miyashita","year":"1998","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.2741\/859","article-title":"Chlamydial infections of the cardiovascular system","volume":"8","author":"Kuo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Front. Biosci.: J. Vis. Literacy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.4.841","article-title":"Demonstration of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic lesions of coronary arteries","volume":"167","author":"Kuo","year":"1993","journal-title":"JID (J. Infect. Dis.)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-125-12-199612150-00008","article-title":"Isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae from the coronary artery of a patient with coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"125","author":"Ramirez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1086\/517270","article-title":"Isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae from a carotid endarterectomy specimen","volume":"176","author":"Jackson","year":"1997","journal-title":"JID (J. Infect. Dis.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftu015","article-title":"Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae as a cause of coronary heart disease: the hypothesis is still untested","volume":"73","author":"Grayston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathogens and disease"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib22","first-page":"433","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Ieven","year":"2001","journal-title":"Verh. - K. Acad. Geneeskd. Belg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2005.12.001","article-title":"Investigation of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA, chlamydial lipopolisaccharide antigens, and Helicobacter pylori DNA in atherosclerotic plaques of patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease","volume":"15","author":"Kaklikkaya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2003.12.028","article-title":"Detection of Chlamydophila pneumoniae in dendritic cells in atherosclerotic lesions","volume":"173","author":"Bobryshev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.02.050","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae and vascular disease: an update","volume":"43","author":"Mussa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.7.2144","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus in atherosclerosis of the carotid artery","volume":"96","author":"Chiu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-47-10-907","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae in coronary and iliac arteries of Japanese patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases","volume":"47","author":"Ouchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.2.585","article-title":"Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae TWAR in human coronary atherectomy tissues","volume":"172","author":"Campbell","year":"1995","journal-title":"JID (J. Infect. Dis.)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(96)00055-1","article-title":"Increased incidence of Chlamydiaspecies within the coronary arteries of patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic versus other forms of cardiovascular disease","volume":"27","author":"Muhlestein","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2009.195","article-title":"Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic plaques of patients in Tehran, Iran","volume":"62","author":"Dabiri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib31","first-page":"175","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"11","author":"Rostami Nejad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Army Univ Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v8n4p260","article-title":"Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with atherosclerotic plaque formation","volume":"8","author":"Assar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global J. Health Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib33","first-page":"1068","article-title":"Detection of Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in human coronary arteries and evaluation of the results with serologic evidence of inflammation","volume":"26","author":"Adiloglu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/00313029800169166","article-title":"Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic plaques of Australian patients","volume":"30","author":"Paterson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.01.023","article-title":"Association between Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection and risk of coronary heart disease for Japanese: the JPHC study","volume":"233","author":"Sakurai-Komada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540310018888","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA is more frequent in advanced than in mild atherosclerosis lesions","volume":"36","author":"Bahrmand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.05.027","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae hijacks a host autoregulatory IL-1\u03b2 loop to drive foam cell formation and accelerate atherosclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Tumurkhuu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metabol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20070298","article-title":"Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerosis","volume":"114","author":"Watson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00151","article-title":"Endothelial\u2013vascular smooth muscle cells interactions in atherosclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib40","first-page":"158","article-title":"Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in coronary arterial fatty streaks and atheromatous plaques","volume":"82","author":"Shor","year":"1992","journal-title":"South African medical journal= Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib41","first-page":"fty076","article-title":"Impaired innate immune signaling due to combined Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 deficiency affects both periodontitis and atherosclerosis in response to polybacterial infection","volume":"76","author":"Chukkapalli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathogens and disease"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311874","article-title":"TLR2 promotes vascular smooth muscle cell chondrogenic differentiation and consequent calcification via the concerted actions of osteoprotegerin suppression and IL-6\u2013mediated RANKL induction","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188530","article-title":"miR-195 inhibits macrophages pro-inflammatory profile and impacts the crosstalk with smooth muscle cells","volume":"12","author":"Bras","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4583","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01087-13","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae infection promotes vascular smooth muscle cell migration through a toll-like receptor 2-related signaling pathway","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib45","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae infection exploits TLR2\/CXCR4 Co-association to promote atherosclerosis","volume":"2020;318:H1420-h35.","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection Exploits TLR2\/CXCR4 Co-Association to Promote Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1160\/TH09-02-0128","article-title":"Proliferative stimulation of the vascular Endothelin-1 axis in vitro and ex vivo by infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae","volume":"102","author":"Kern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemostasis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19058","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19058","article-title":"Biophysical regulation of Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic foci","volume":"6","author":"Evani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1086\/379047","article-title":"Infection of U937 monocytic cells with Chlamydia pneumoniae induces extensive changes in host cell gene expression","volume":"188","author":"Virok","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-11-121","article-title":"Immunohistological detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the Alzheimer's disease brain","volume":"11","author":"Hammond","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/723539","article-title":"Antigen-induced immunomodulation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"2008","author":"Milioti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699579","article-title":"General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care","volume":"117","author":"D\u2019agostino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.01.017","article-title":"Prevalence, impact, and predictive value of detecting subclinical coronary and carotid atherosclerosis in asymptomatic adults: the BioImage study","volume":"65","author":"Baber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2012.01774.x","article-title":"High prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis by carotid ultrasound among Mexican Americans: discordance with 10\u2010year risk assessment using the framingham risk score","volume":"29","author":"Laing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132321","article-title":"Race\/ethnic differences in the associations of the Framingham risk factors with carotid IMT and cardiovascular events","volume":"10","author":"Gijsberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000085996.95532.FF","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in young males: ARMY study (Atherosclerosis Risk-Factors in Male Youngsters)","volume":"108","author":"Knoflach","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1159\/000195690","article-title":"Classic risk factors for atherosclerosis are not major determinants for location of extracranial or intracranial cerebral atherosclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv630","article-title":"Heterogeneous impact of classic atherosclerotic risk factors on different arterial territories: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study","volume":"37","author":"Stoekenbroek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S504","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(99)70286-3","article-title":"Interaction of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with other risk factors of atherosclerosis","volume":"138","author":"Leinonen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"issue":"23\u201324","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2011.09.013","article-title":"A pilot study on the association between double positive Chlamydia pneumoniae serology and serum lipid indices alterations in obese adult females","volume":"89","author":"Jaworowska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.81.3.239","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies are associated with an atherogenic lipid profile","volume":"81","author":"Murray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.04.192","article-title":"Endothelial Chlamydia pneumoniae infection promotes oxidation of LDL","volume":"319","author":"Dittrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2295","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae disrupts lipid metabolism in human umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(00)00758-9","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae infection accelerates hyperlipidemia induced atherosclerotic lesion development in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"158","author":"Blessing","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1086\/314855","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae infection accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E\u2014deficient mice","volume":"180","author":"Moazed","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.01.072","article-title":"Chlamydia and lipids engage a common signaling pathway that promotes atherogenesis","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2017.07.029","article-title":"Investigation of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in Moroccan patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases","volume":"11","author":"Yazouli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of infection and public health"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3936","DOI":"10.2174\/092986732134141015161539","article-title":"Smoking and atherosclerosis: mechanisms of disease and new therapeutic approaches","volume":"21","author":"Siasos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.12.8.945","article-title":"Smoking is a potential confounder of the Chlamydia pneumoniae-coronary artery disease association","volume":"12","author":"Hahn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb.: a journal of vascular biology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/23.6.1315","article-title":"Importance of smoking for Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity","volume":"23","author":"Karvonen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800052171","article-title":"High prevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae; determinants of IgG and IgA seropositivity among Jerusalem residents","volume":"114","author":"Paltiel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000027209.59821.98","article-title":"Active and passive smoking, chronic infections, and the risk of carotid atherosclerosis: prospective results from the Bruneck Study","volume":"33","author":"Kiechl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-47-5-441","article-title":"Immune responses to Chlamydia pneumoniae in twins in relation to gender and smoking","volume":"47","author":"Von Hertzen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3109\/1547691X.2015.1006346","article-title":"Exposure to cigarette smoke and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in mice: effect on infectious burden, systemic dissemination and cytokine responses: a pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00754","article-title":"Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection","volume":"9","author":"Sproston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00430","article-title":"C-reactive protein in atherothrombosis and angiogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Badimon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2002.kid562.x","article-title":"C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"62","author":"Ducloux","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/16.4.809","article-title":"C\u2010reactive protein and chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection\u2014long\u2010term predictors for cardiovascular disease and survival in patients on peritoneal dialysis","volume":"16","author":"Haubitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200002)30:2<541::AID-IMMU541>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Acellular components of Chlamydia pneumoniae stimulate cytokine production in human blood mononuclear cells","volume":"30","author":"Netea","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.2.1477","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae stimulates IFN-\u03b3 synthesis through MyD88-dependent, TLR2-and TLR4-independent induction of IL-18 release","volume":"173","author":"Netea","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2002.30546","article-title":"Elevated interleukin-6 predicts progressive carotid artery atherosclerosis in dialysis patients: association with Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity","volume":"39","author":"Stenvinkel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540110080854","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines, antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae and age-associated diseases in Danish centenarians: is there a link?","volume":"34","author":"Bruunsgaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000081637.36475.BC","article-title":"Interaction of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in coronary plaque instability: important role of C-reactive protein","volume":"23","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2007.04.027","article-title":"Fc\u03b3RIIa mediates C-reactive protein-induced inflammatory responses of human vascular smooth muscle cells by activating NADPH oxidase 4","volume":"75","author":"Ryu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18901.1","article-title":"Inflammation in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"8","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"issue":"281","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib85","first-page":"565","article-title":"Plasma fibrinogen\u2014a major coronary risk factor","volume":"35","author":"Stone","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Coll. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/378658","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae-mediated inflammation in atherosclerosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"2015","author":"Filardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00174.x","article-title":"Plasma fibrinogen\u2014an independent cardiovascular risk factor","volume":"227","author":"Ernst","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1997.0771","article-title":"Increased fibrinogen levels are associated with persistent Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in unstable coronary artery disease","volume":"19","author":"Toss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7753(02)73499-4","article-title":"Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with coronary disease. Relation with increased fibrinogen values","volume":"119","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Miranda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Cl\u00ednica"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-124-5-2336","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor stimulates hepatic lipid synthesis and secretion","volume":"124","author":"Feingold","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"Supplement 2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.41.2.S97","article-title":"Role of cytokines in inducing hyperlipidemia","volume":"41","author":"Feingold","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8325915","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae infection exacerbates atherosclerosis in ApoB100only\/LDLR\u2212\/\u2212 mouse strain","volume":"2018","author":"Lantos","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1086\/513986","article-title":"Murine models of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis","volume":"175","author":"Moazed","year":"1997","journal-title":"JID (J. Infect. Dis.)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4765","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.8.4765-4768.2000","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae induces inflammatory changes in the heart and aorta of normocholesterolemic C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"68","author":"Blessing","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5332","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.5332-5334.2002","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae and hyperlipidemia are co-risk factors for atherosclerosis: infection prior to induction of hyperlipidemia does not accelerate development of atherosclerotic lesions in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"70","author":"Blessing","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.1.48-52.1997","article-title":"Rabbit model for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection","volume":"35","author":"Fong","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx004","article-title":"Cholesterol uptake in the mouse aorta increases during Chlamydia pneumoniae infection","volume":"75","author":"Edvinsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathogens and disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib98","first-page":"667","article-title":"Experimental rabbit models of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection","volume":"148","author":"Moazed","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4832","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.11.4832-4835.1997","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae infection induces inflammatory changes in the aortas of rabbits","volume":"65","author":"Laitinen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.7.633","article-title":"Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae accelerates the development of atherosclerosis and treatment with azithromycin prevents it in a rabbit model","volume":"97","author":"Muhlestein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI4582","article-title":"The atherogenic effects of chlamydia are dependent on serum cholesterol and specific to Chlamydia pneumoniae","volume":"103","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6048","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.11.6048-6055.1999","article-title":"De Novo induction of atherosclerosis by Chlamydia pneumoniae in a rabbit model","volume":"67","author":"Fong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026531506202","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae infection significantly exacerbates aortic atherosclerosis in an LDLR\u2013\/\u2013mouse model within six months","volume":"215","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.9.1039","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction after repeated Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in apolipoprotein E\u2013knockout mice","volume":"102","author":"Liuba","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"Supplement_3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S508","DOI":"10.1086\/315629","article-title":"Mouse models of C. pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis","volume":"181","author":"Campbell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1086\/317938","article-title":"Atherosclerosis in apoE knockout mice infected with multiple pathogens","volume":"183","author":"Burnett","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.6.1263-1266.2001","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae exacerbates aortic inflammatory foci caused by murine cytomegalovirus infection in normocholesterolemic mice","volume":"8","author":"Burian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.21.4.578","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae does not increase atherosclerosis in the aortic root of apolipoprotein E\u2013deficient mice","volume":"21","author":"Aalto-Set\u00e4l\u00e4","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2834","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.23.2834","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae infection does not induce or modify atherosclerosis in mice","volume":"103","author":"Caligiuri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000070708","article-title":"Co-infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori results in vascular endothelial dysfunction and enhanced VCAM-1 expression in apoE-knockout mice","volume":"40","author":"Liuba","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1053\/ejvs.2002.1913","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae infection induces an unstable atherosclerotic plaque phenotype in LDL-receptor, ApoE double knockout mice","volume":"26","author":"Ezzahiri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"issue":"14\u201315","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.09.004","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae disturbs cholesterol homeostasis in human THP-1 macrophages via JNK-PPAR\u03b3 dependent signal transduction pathways","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microb. Infect."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.943","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae negatively regulates ABCA1 expression via TLR2-Nuclear factor-kappa B and miR-33 pathways in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells","volume":"235","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2015.01.007","article-title":"A single infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae is sufficient to exacerbate atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient mice","volume":"294","author":"Sorrentino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftv052","article-title":"CD8+ T cells mediate Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced atherosclerosis in mice","volume":"73","author":"Zafiratos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathogens and disease"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001347","article-title":"Cytotoxic and proinflammatory CD8+ T lymphocytes promote development of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in apoE-deficient mice","volume":"127","author":"Kyaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0165-0","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome: molecular activation and regulation to therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Swanson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090645","article-title":"Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection leads to smooth muscle cell proliferation and thickening in the coronary artery without contributions from a host immune response","volume":"176","author":"Deniset","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib119","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae induces expression of pro-atherogenic factors through activation of the lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1","volume":"69","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathogens and disease"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4405","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003116","article-title":"GroEL1, a heat shock protein 60 of Chlamydia pneumoniae, induces lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 expression in endothelial cells and enhances atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits","volume":"186","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/6f8adaaa-19d8-4187-9418-24a05ae77c8c","article-title":"GroEL1, from Chlamydia pneumoniae, induces vascular adhesion molecule 1 expression by p37 AUF1 in endothelial cells and hypercholesterolemic rabbit","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib122","series-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis: current state and future prospectives","author":"Sessa","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2018.09.003","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members 1a and 1b contribute to exacerbation of atherosclerosis by Chlamydia pneumoniae in mice","volume":"21","author":"Zafiratos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Infect."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5619","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001879","article-title":"IL-17A is proatherogenic in high-fat diet-induced and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection-accelerated atherosclerosis in mice","volume":"185","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1420","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00011.2020","article-title":"TLR2\/CXCR4 coassociation facilitates Chlamydia pneumoniae infection-induced atherosclerosis","volume":"318","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-010-0162-1","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and Alzheimer's disease: a connection to remember?","volume":"199","author":"Shima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.29245\/2572.942X\/2018\/2.1156","article-title":"Yersinia enterocolitica and Chlamydia pneumoniae possible triggering agents of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a case report","volume":"3","author":"Bucurescu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neuromedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib128","series-title":"Chlamydia Pneumoniae Infection of Astrocytes Favors the Pro-amyloidgenic Pathway of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Processing in Alzheimer Disease","author":"Al-Atrache","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549309008494","article-title":"An unusual manifestation of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: meningitis, hepatitis, iritis and atypical erythema nodosum","volume":"25","author":"Sundel\u00f6f","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.05.008","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in various subtypes of ischemic stroke in Indian patients","volume":"272","author":"Bandaru","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2013.06.015","article-title":"Acute encephalitis associated to a respiratory infection due to Chlamydophila pneumoniae","volume":"43","author":"Elargoubi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Maladies Infect."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005200","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative detection of Chlamydophila pneumoniae DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients and controls","volume":"4","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s004300050071","article-title":"Identification and localization of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the Alzheimer's brain","volume":"187","author":"Balin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12477","article-title":"A study on the association between infectious burden and A lzheimer's disease","volume":"22","author":"Bu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00093304","article-title":"Phagocytes transmit Chlamydia pneumoniae from the lungs to the vasculature","volume":"23","author":"Gieffers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10519","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae infection promotes the transmigration of monocytes through human brain endothelial cells","volume":"71","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(03)00127-1","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae induces Alzheimer-like amyloid plaques in brains of BALB\/c mice","volume":"25","author":"Little","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.10.014","article-title":"Assessment of evidence for or against contributions of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections to Alzheimer's disease etiology","volume":"83","author":"Woods","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib139","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Inflammation in Alzheimer disease: driving force, bystander or beneficial response?","volume":"12","author":"Wyss-Coray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-015-0252-9","article-title":"Murine A\u03b2 over-production produces diffuse and compact Alzheimer-type amyloid deposits","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta neuropathologica communications"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170045","article-title":"Mouse models of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"57","author":"Esquerda-Canals","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheim. Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199909)42:9<1889::AID-ANR13>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Lower prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA compared with Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in synovial tissue of arthritis patients","volume":"42","author":"Schumacher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum.: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib143","series-title":"Chlamydia Pneumoniae Infection and Disease","first-page":"227","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae and inflammatory arthritis","author":"Whittum-Hudson","year":"2005"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204110","article-title":"New insights into Chlamydia and arthritis. Promise of a cure?","volume":"73","author":"Zeidler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-004-0916-5","article-title":"An elevated level of IL-10-and TGF\u03b2-secreting T cells, B cells and macrophages in the synovial membrane of patients with reactive arthritis compared to rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"23","author":"Appel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg163","article-title":"Lower level of synovial fluid interferon\u2010\u03b3 in HLA\u2010B27\u2010positive than in HLA\u2010B27\u2010negative patients with Chlamydia trachomatis reactive arthritis","volume":"42","author":"Bas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399406000160","article-title":"Molecular mimicry and horror autotoxicus: do chlamydial infections elicit autoimmunity?","volume":"8","author":"Swanborg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expet Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00415","article-title":"Genetic inactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion membrane protein CT228 alters MYPT1 recruitment, extrusion production, and longevity of infection","volume":"8","author":"Shaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.08.005","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis prevents apoptosis via activation of PDPK1-MYC and enhanced mitochondrial binding of hexokinase II","volume":"23","author":"Al-Zeer","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0271-y","article-title":"A Chlamydia effector combining deubiquitination and acetylation activities induces Golgi fragmentation","volume":"3","author":"Pruneda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature microbiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-019-0863-4","article-title":"Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis: disappearing entity or lack of research?","volume":"21","author":"Zeidler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401021000759?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401021000759?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:42:28Z","timestamp":1760110948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401021000759"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":151,"alternative-id":["S0882401021000759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The association of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with atherosclerosis: Review and update of in vitro and animal studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbial Pathogenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104803","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104803"}}