{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:05:27Z","timestamp":1790665527797,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004484","name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["43816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]],"date-time":"2022-07-09T11:32:35Z","timestamp":1657366355000},"page":"105676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The effects of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum loads on semen quality: Detection and quantitative analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Amin","family":"Dehghan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1280-5765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Pourmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Salimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firouzeh Akbari","family":"Asbagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas Rahimi","family":"Foroushani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaveh","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaneh Hosseini","family":"Quchani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib1","first-page":"339","article-title":"Urogenital infection as a risk factor for male infertility","volume":"114","author":"Schuppe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arzteblatt. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12078","article-title":"Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma infection and male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322011000400026","article-title":"An update on the clinical assessment of the infertile male","volume":"66","author":"Esteves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.013821","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum infections and seminal quality in infertile and fertile men in Kuwait","volume":"33","author":"Al-Sweih","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.11.009","article-title":"Prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Chlamydia trachomatis infections, and semen quality in infertile and fertile men in China","volume":"83","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14702","article-title":"Evaluation of the role of Chlamydia trachomatis in primary male infertility","volume":"75","author":"Nasr El-Din","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2018.08.012","article-title":"Male infertility: the intracellular bacterial hypothesis","volume":"26","author":"Stojanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_54_21","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the genital tract is associated with inflammation and hypospermia in the infertile male of China","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.05.018","article-title":"Molecular detection of potential sexually transmitted pathogens in semen and urine specimens of infertile and fertile males","volume":"77","author":"Abusarah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2011.01198.x","article-title":"The effect of bacterial contamination of semen on sperm chromatin integrity and standard semen parameters in men from infertile couples","volume":"44","author":"Rybar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2016.11.018","article-title":"Asymptomatic infection with Mycoplasma hominis negatively affects semen parameters and leads to male infertility as confirmed by improved semen parameters after antibiotic treatment","volume":"100","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0220-2","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum infections using a novel isothermal simultaneous RNA amplification testing method in infertile males","volume":"16","author":"Qing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00108","article-title":"A basic guide to real time PCR in microbial diagnostics: definitions, parameters, and everything","volume":"8","author":"Kralik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz668","article-title":"Men and women have an equal oropharyngeal and anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis bacterial load: a comparison of 3 anatomic sites","volume":"223","author":"Wijers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu670","article-title":"The epidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis organism load during genital infection: a systematic review","volume":"211","author":"Vodstrcil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1086\/426394","article-title":"Female genital-tract HIV load correlates inversely with Lactobacillus species but positively with bacterial vaginosis and Mycoplasma hominis","volume":"191","author":"Sha","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.887068","article-title":"Microbial load of umbilical cord blood Ureaplasma species and Mycoplasma hominis in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes","volume":"27","author":"Kacerovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib18","series-title":"WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.1.206-213.2006","article-title":"Development and validation of a rotor-gene real-time PCR assay for detection, identification, and quantification of Chlamydia trachomatis in a single reaction","volume":"44","author":"Jalal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2004.08.005","article-title":"Development of real-time PCR for the differential detection and quantification of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum","volume":"60","author":"Mallard","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/317512","article-title":"New diagnostic real-time PCR for specific detection of Mycoplasma hominis DNA","volume":"2010","author":"Pascual","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib22","series-title":"Real-time PCR","author":"Dorak","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2017.44.4.207","article-title":"Effects of infections with five sexually transmitted pathogens on sperm quality","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Reprod. Med."},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.028076-0","article-title":"Genital chlamydial infection: association between clinical features, organism genotype and load","volume":"60","author":"Jalal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00005-09","article-title":"Real-time quantitative PCR to determine chlamydial load in men and women in a community setting","volume":"47","author":"Wiggins","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/19396360802042838","article-title":"Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis and Chlamydia trachomatis among Danish patients requesting abortion","volume":"54","author":"Baczynska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081236","article-title":"Detection of anorectal and cervicovaginal Chlamydia trachomatis infections following azithromycin treatment: prospective cohort study with multiple time-sequential measures of rRNA, DNA, quantitative load and symptoms","volume":"8","author":"Dukers-Muijrers","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-35","article-title":"The difference in determinants of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium in a sample of young Australian women","volume":"11","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00100-07","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis load at matched anatomic sites: implications for screening strategies","volume":"45","author":"Michel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085263","article-title":"Chlamydia detection during the menstrual cycle: a cross-sectional study of women attending a sexual health service","volume":"9","author":"Forcey","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037778","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis incidence and re-infection among young women--behavioural and microbiological characteristics","volume":"7","author":"Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215606","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis bacterial load, estimated by Cq values, in urogenital samples from men and women visiting the general practice, hospital or STI clinic","volume":"14","author":"Wijers","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12944","article-title":"Association of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infection with male infertility and the effect of antibiotic therapy in improvement of semen quality in infected infertile men","volume":"50","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jab.2016.11.004","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment of asymptomatic Ureaplasma infection improves semen parameters in infertile men","volume":"15","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomed."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098903","article-title":"Molecular detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and other sexually transmitted bacteria in semen of male partners of infertile couples in Tunisia: the effect on semen parameters and spermatozoa apoptosis markers","volume":"9","author":"Sellami","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12812","article-title":"Molecular detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and semen quality of sexual partners of infertile women","volume":"50","author":"L\u00f3pez-Hurtado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13127","article-title":"Sexually transmitted agents and their association with leucocytospermia in infertility clinic patients","volume":"50","author":"Akgul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-021-00769-2","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections and semen quality from subfertile men with and without leukocytospermia","volume":"19","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. : RBE (Rev. Bras. Entomol.)"}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401022002893?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401022002893?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:47:01Z","timestamp":1760111221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401022002893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S0882401022002893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effects of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum loads on semen quality: Detection and quantitative analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbial Pathogenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105676","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105676"}}