{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T18:55:21Z","timestamp":1773860121747,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T12:07:21Z","timestamp":1664366841000},"page":"105799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["Monkeypox: Emerging virus of concern; antivirals and vaccines therapeutic options"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Obeid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haneen","family":"Amawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adedapo","family":"Adesokan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.22.2200422","article-title":"Community transmission of monkeypox in the United Kingdom, April to may 2022","volume":"27","author":"Vivancos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib2","series-title":"Monkeypox Cases Confirmed in England \u2013 Latest Updates","author":"government","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib3","unstructured":"Nigeria, C., Situation Report: Monkeypox (MPX) in Nigeria."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.11.008","article-title":"Monkeypox\u2014enhancing public health preparedness for an emerging lethal human zoonotic epidemic threat in the wake of the smallpox post-eradication era","volume":"78","author":"Petersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81215-0","article-title":"A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses","volume":"86","author":"Likos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6710a5","article-title":"Emergence of monkeypox\u2014west and central Africa, 1970\u20132017","volume":"67","author":"Durski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/17.3.643","article-title":"The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations","volume":"17","author":"Fine","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.242347","article-title":"Modelling human-to-human transmission of monkeypox","volume":"98","author":"Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Urban-adapted mammal species have more known pathogens","author":"Albery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib10","unstructured":"Control, E.C.f.D.P.a., Monkeypox Cases Reported in UK and Portugal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib11","series-title":"25th Anniversary of the Last Case of Naturally Acquired Smallpox","author":"OCTOBER","year":"2003"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00328.x","article-title":"A pox\u2010like disease in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"46","author":"Magnus","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00856-9","article-title":"Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis","volume":"4","author":"Di Giulio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib14","series-title":"StatPearls.","article-title":"Monkeypox","author":"Moore","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib15","series-title":"Monkeypox in 2022\u2014What Clinicians Need to Know","author":"Guarner","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib16","unstructured":"Saxena, S.K., et al., Re-emerging human monkeypox: a major public-health debacle. J. Med. Virol.. n\/a(n\/a)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2022.07.006","article-title":"Monkeypox virus: a re-emergent threat to humans","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib18","series-title":"A Novel International Monkeypox Outbreak","author":"Adalja","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib19","series-title":"Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP)","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib20","series-title":"Monkeypox in Humans: a New Outbreak","author":"Mart\u00edn-Delgado","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2015.00269","article-title":"Vaccines through centuries: major cornerstones of global health","volume":"3","author":"Hajj Hussein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2021-0075","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: vaccinology and emerging therapeutics; challenges and future developments","volume":"13","author":"Adesokan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib23","series-title":"Multidisciplinary Science and Advanced Technologies","first-page":"85","article-title":"Viral nanoparticles where we are heading","author":"Aljabali","year":"2021"},{"issue":"Notebook 1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib24","first-page":"20","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles employed in mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines: an overview of materials and processes used for development and production","volume":"72","author":"Panteli\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.03.032","article-title":"mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 and diverse diseases","author":"Hussain","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Contr. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042420-112725","article-title":"mRNA vaccines in the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond","volume":"73","author":"Hogan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.12.059","article-title":"How should we conduct pandemic vaccination?","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.2174\/2210681209666190807145229","article-title":"Inorganic-organic nanomaterials for therapeutics and molecular imaging applications","volume":"10","author":"Aljabali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanosci. Nanotechnol. - Asia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib29","series-title":"Covid-19 mRNA Vaccines\u2014Six of One, Half a Dozen of the Other","first-page":"183","author":"Rubin","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7639","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S325901","article-title":"Potentiality of melittin-loaded niosomal vesicles against vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal skin infection","volume":"16","author":"Sangboonruang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib31","series-title":"Melanoma","first-page":"621","article-title":"Sirna delivery to melanoma cells with cationic niosomes","author":"Obeid","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib32","series-title":"Advanced Drug Delivery Systems in the Management of Cancer","first-page":"447","article-title":"Targeting siRNAs in cancer drug delivery","author":"Obeid","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2021.100104","article-title":"Liposomes and mRNA: two technologies together create a COVID-19 vaccine","volume":"12","author":"Gregoriadis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine in Drug Discovery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib34","series-title":"Applications of Nanomaterials in Human Health","first-page":"125","article-title":"Application of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of genetic disorders","author":"Aljabali","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent updates in curcumin delivery","author":"Obeid","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2103154118","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 escape from a highly neutralizing COVID-19 convalescent plasma","volume":"118","author":"Andreano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00480-0","article-title":"Viral targets for vaccines against COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2021.12.014","article-title":"Mucosal and systemic immune responses following mucosal immunisation of tetanus toxoid entrapped in lipid nanoparticles prepared by microwave reactor","volume":"171","author":"Gebril","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207323666200914110012","article-title":"A potential MRI agent and an anticancer drug encapsulated within CPMV virus-like particles","volume":"24","author":"Aljabali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screening"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR03831A","article-title":"Recent advances in nanotechnology-based COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutic antibodies","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib41","series-title":"COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines: Platforms and Current Developments","author":"Szab\u00f3","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-021-00752-3","article-title":"Status report on COVID-19 vaccines development","volume":"23","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.16866","article-title":"COVID-19 and mRNA vaccines\u2014first large test for a new approach","volume":"324","author":"Abbasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2018-0051","article-title":"Exosomes: fighting cancer with cancer","volume":"10","author":"Alyamani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib45","series-title":"Monkeypox. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL)","author":"Moore","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of monkeypox","author":"Rizk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib47","series-title":"The Reemergence of Monkeypox as a New Potential Health Challenge: A Critical Review","author":"Afshar","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib48","series-title":"Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP), Monkeybox: Prevention and Treatment","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00228-6","article-title":"Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK","author":"Adler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799_bib50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Examination of the effect of niosome preparation methods in encapsulating model antigens on the vesicle characteristics and their ability to induce immune responses","author":"Obeid","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401022004120?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401022004120?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:41:33Z","timestamp":1760110893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401022004120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0882401022004120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Monkeypox: Emerging virus of concern; antivirals and vaccines therapeutic options","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbial Pathogenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105799","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105799"}}