{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:59:02Z","timestamp":1787065142151,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T02:55:15Z","timestamp":1701917715000},"page":"106469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["\u03b2-defensin 2 protects against Escherichia coli-induced acute urinary tract infection by downregulating \u03b2-catenin"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ITC49","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC201710030","article-title":"Urinary tract infection","volume":"167","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib2","first-page":"587","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in women","volume":"7","author":"Griebling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urologic diseases in America"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3432","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options","volume":"13","author":"Flores-Mireles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib4","first-page":"211","article-title":"Urinary tract infection","volume":"49","author":"Byron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice"},{"issue":"10237","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30676-0","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in children","volume":"395","author":"Tullus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac032","article-title":"Defensins: defenders of human reproductive health","volume":"29","author":"Zhai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209788682271","article-title":"Multifunctional antimicrobial proteins and peptides: natural activators of immune systems","volume":"15","author":"Niyonsaba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmaceut. Des."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12000","article-title":"Differential expression of human beta defensin 2 and 3 in gastric mucosa of H elicobacter pylori\u2010infected individuals","volume":"18","author":"Bauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.04.018","article-title":"Human \u03b2-defensin 2 and protease activated receptor-2 expression in patients with chronic periodontitis","volume":"57","author":"Pereira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112991","article-title":"Human \u03b2-defensin 2 and its postulated role in modulation of the immune response","volume":"10","author":"Cie\u015blik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2019.190","article-title":"Relationship between human \u03b2-defensin 2 and the vaginal environment","volume":"73","author":"Kotani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2011.00315.x","article-title":"Effects of intravesical liposome-mediated human beta-defensin-2 gene transfection in a mouse urinary tract infection model","volume":"55","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00762-6","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signalling: function, biological mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Targeted Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/310183","article-title":"The Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway controls the inflammatory response in infections caused by pathogenic bacteria","volume":"2014","author":"Silva-Garc\u00eda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.9.e45","article-title":"A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR","volume":"29","author":"Pfaffl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7181","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2036304","article-title":"Circular RNA coiled-coil domain containing 66 regulates malignant development of papillary thyroid carcinoma by upregulating La ribonucleoprotein 1 via the sponge effect on miR-129-5p","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.524287","article-title":"Shaoyao decoction inhibits inflammation and improves intestinal barrier function in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis","volume":"12","author":"Chi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03065-5","article-title":"Genistein contributes to cell cycle progression and regulates oxidative stress in primary culture of osteoblasts along with osteoclasts attenuation","volume":"20","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Complementary Med. Therapies"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8040170","article-title":"Evaluation of immunocompetent urinary tract infected Balb\/C mouse model for the study of antibiotic resistance development using Escherichia Coli CFT073 infection","volume":"8","author":"Chockalingam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7622","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2049473","article-title":"The effect of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) factors on the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in the mouse model","volume":"13","author":"Fei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2020.07.006","article-title":"Differential effects of sacubitril\/valsartan on diastolic function in mice with obesity-related metabolic heart disease","volume":"5","author":"Croteau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Basic to Translational Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06435-7","article-title":"Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolated from urinary tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Bunduki","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0637-9","article-title":"The anti-virulence effect of cranberry active compound proanthocyanins (PACs) on expression of genes in the third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli CTX-M-15 associated with urinary tract infection","volume":"8","author":"Samarasinghe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2019.190","article-title":"Relationship between human \u03b2-defensin 2 and the vaginal environment","volume":"73","author":"Kotani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2019.05.004","article-title":"Human \u03b2-defensin 2 is involved in CCR2-mediated Nod2 signal transduction, leading to activation of the innate immune response in macrophages","volume":"224","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib26","first-page":"151","article-title":"Fecal human \u03b2-defensin-2 (hBD-2) levels and gut microbiota patterns in preterm neonates with different feeding patterns","volume":"11","author":"Corebima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-1288-4","article-title":"Porcine \u03b2-defensin 2 inhibits proliferation of pseudorabies virus in vitro and in transgenic mice","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13111885","article-title":"Serum \u03b2-defensin 2, A novel biomarker for the diagnosis of acute infections","volume":"13","author":"Routsias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2513-9","article-title":"The innate immune response during urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis","volume":"29","author":"Spencer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12770","article-title":"A prospective, observational pilot study of the use of urinary antimicrobial peptides in diagnosing emergency department patients with positive urine cultures","volume":"22","author":"Caterino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/19768354.2016.1242513","article-title":"Zinc induces LPS-mediated upregulation of HBD-2 via ERK1\/2 and p38MAPK signaling pathways in human prostate epithelial cells","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Cell Syst."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.05.012","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling and disease","volume":"149","author":"Clevers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.016","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling, disease, and emerging therapeutic modalities","volume":"169","author":"Nusse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0075-9","article-title":"Wnt\u2013\u03b2-catenin signalling in liver development, health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Perugorria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01025-10","article-title":"Epithelial phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling is required for \u03b2-catenin activation and host defense against Citrobacter rodentium infection","volume":"79","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149118","article-title":"Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) infection induces proliferation through enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2)","volume":"11","author":"Ting","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401023005028?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401023005028?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:04:41Z","timestamp":1760112281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401023005028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0882401023005028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"\u03b2-defensin 2 protects against Escherichia coli-induced acute urinary tract infection by downregulating \u03b2-catenin","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbial Pathogenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106469","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106469"}}