{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T06:10:49Z","timestamp":1789798249692,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/INF\/22\/SP45078\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/INF\/22\/SP45078\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T20:18:30Z","timestamp":1701893910000},"page":"106494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Design and evaluation of antibacterials crosslinked chitosan nanoparticle as a novel carrier for the delivery of metronidazole to treat bacterial vaginosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Reena","family":"Nayak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitu","family":"Halder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tushar Kanti","family":"Rajwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Dash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandan","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vineet Kumar","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biswakanth","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goutam","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6921-7513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Goutam","family":"Rath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2018.7383","article-title":"Characterization and treatment of recurrent bacterial vaginosis","volume":"28","author":"Faught","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Wom. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib2","first-page":"32","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of chitosan nanoparticles and metronidazole in treatment of experimentally giardiasis infected hamsters","volume":"16","author":"El-Gendy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2019.1645117","article-title":"Recent advances in the mucus-interacting approach for vaginal drug delivery: from mucoadhesive to mucus-penetrating nanoparticles","volume":"16","author":"Rossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.045","article-title":"Current trends in chitosan based nanopharmaceuticals for topical vaginal therapies","volume":"193","author":"Nayak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib5","first-page":"1610","article-title":"Evaluation of the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan nanoparticles prepared using different chitosan to tripolyphosphate (CS: TPP) ratios","volume":"120","author":"Hejjaji","year":"2018"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib6","first-page":"715","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid and chitosan-based nanosystems: a new dressing generation for wound care","volume":"16","author":"Vigani","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.11.043","article-title":"An inhibitory action of chitosan nanoparticles against pathogenic bacteria and fungi and their potential applications as biocompatible antioxidants","volume":"114","author":"MubarakAli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib8","first-page":"2521","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of chitosan-based nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Bodnar","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib9","series-title":"Synergetic Effects of Doxycycline-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Improving Drug Delivery and Efficacy","first-page":"2411","author":"Cover","year":"2012"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib10","first-page":"920","article-title":"Development of metronidazole loaded chitosan nanoparticles using QbD approach\u2014a novel and potential antibacterial formulation","volume":"12","author":"Sreeharsha","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib11","article-title":"Enhanced antibacterial activity of uniform and stable chitosan nanoparticles containing metronidazole against anaerobic bacterium of Bacteroides fragilis","volume":"202","author":"Binesh","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib12","first-page":"225","article-title":"Recurrent bacterial vaginosis following metronidazole treatment is associated with microbiota richness at diagnosis","volume":"226","author":"Gustin","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.02.007","article-title":"Efficacy of ferulic acid encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles against Candida albicans biofilm","volume":"95","author":"Panwar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib14","first-page":"3892","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect of chitosan nanoparticles on","volume":"77","author":"Ch\u00e1vez de Paz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Streptococcus mutans biofilms"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.1035255","article-title":"Metronidazole for the treatment of vaginal infections","volume":"16","author":"Sobel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9137","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9025333","article-title":"Borax mediated layer-by-layer self-assembly of neutral poly (vinyl alcohol) and chitosan","volume":"113","author":"Manna","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib17","first-page":"319","article-title":"Study of antifungal activity of boric acid on vaginal pathogens","volume":"4","author":"Dinesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib18","first-page":"749","article-title":"Single-step self-assembly and physical crosslinking of PEGylated chitosan nanoparticles by tannic acid","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib19","article-title":"Multifunctional chitosan\/tannic acid composite films with improved anti-UV, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties for active food packaging","volume":"136","author":"Lee","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib20","article-title":"Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles by ionotropic gelation technique: effects of formulation parameters and in vitro characterization","volume":"1252","author":"Algharib","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib21","article-title":"Salamanca CHJCp. Production, physicochemical characterization, and anticancer activity of methotrexate-loaded phytic acid-chitosan nanoparticles on HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells","volume":"243","author":"Ciro","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib22","article-title":"Impact of different crosslinking agents on functional properties of curcumin-loaded gliadin-chitosan composite nanoparticles","volume":"112","author":"Yang","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib23","first-page":"14","article-title":"Sciences A, Technology. Synthesis, characterization and effect of the antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles on vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus and other gram negative or gram positive bacteria","volume":"26","author":"Soleimani","year":"2015"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib24","first-page":"8350","article-title":"Plausible mechanistic insights in biofilm eradication potential against Candida spp. using in situ-synthesized tyrosol-functionalized chitosan gold nanoparticles as a versatile antifouling coating on implant surfaces","volume":"7","author":"Yadav","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib25","first-page":"640","article-title":"Gentamicin decorated phosphatidylcholine-chitosan nanoparticles against biofilms and intracellular bacteria","volume":"156","author":"Qiu","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2010.1116","article-title":"Antibacterial efficacy of inhalable antibiotic-encapsulated biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles against E. coli biofilm cells","volume":"6","author":"Cheow","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12334","article-title":"Comparison of SEM and VPSEM imaging techniques with respect to Streptococcus mutans biofilm topography","volume":"350","author":"Weber","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib28","first-page":"772","article-title":"A statistical study on the development of metronidazole-chitosan-alginate nanocomposite formulation using the full factorial design","volume":"12","author":"Sabbagh","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib29","article-title":"Formulation and in vitro evaluation of polymeric metronidazole nanoparticles","volume":"35","author":"Ovenseri","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib30","first-page":"1304","article-title":"Erlotinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles: formulation, physicochemical characterization and cytotoxic potential","volume":"139","author":"Pandey","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib31","first-page":"156","article-title":"Enhancing stability and mucoadhesive properties of chitosan nanoparticles by surface modification with sodium alginate and polyethylene glycol for potential oral mucosa vaccine delivery","volume":"20","author":"Amin","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib32","first-page":"25","article-title":"Evaluation of safety parameters of ayurvedic antimicrobial formulation for treatment of vaginitis during acute and chronic oral toxicity and vaginal irritation studies in animal models","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Pharm. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib33","first-page":"231","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of gastroretentive dosage forms of clarithromycin","volume":"9","author":"Nama","year":"2008"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.5530\/jyp.2017.9.98","article-title":"Investigation of oligosaccharides for prebitoic action on vaginal lactobacilli","volume":"9","author":"Mahore","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Young Pharm."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib35","article-title":"Low-dose inoculation of Escherichia coli achieves robust vaginal colonization and results in ascending infection accompanied by severe uterine inflammation in mice","volume":"14","author":"O'Brien","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2018v10i5.26375","article-title":"Preparation of chitosan-TPP nanoparticles: the influence of chitosan polymeric properties and formulation variables","volume":"10","author":"Al-Nemrawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.105717","article-title":"Tannic acid-assisted cross-linked nanoparticles as a delivery system of eugenol: the characterization, thermal degradation and antioxidant properties","volume":"104","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Hydrocolloids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.09.042","article-title":"Formation mechanism of monodisperse, low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles by ionic gelation technique","volume":"90","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib39","first-page":"1787","article-title":"Eldin MMJPfAT. Preparation and characterization of metronidazole\u2010loaded chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery application","volume":"19","author":"Elzatahry","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib40","first-page":"141","article-title":"Poloxamer modified chitosan nanoparticles for vaginal delivery of acyclovir","volume":"9","author":"Deshkar","year":"2021"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib41","first-page":"1173","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles: a review","volume":"8","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib42","first-page":"1265","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles loading oxaliplatin as a mucoadhesive topical treatment of oral tumors: iontophoresis further enhances drug delivery ex vivo","volume":"154","author":"Matos","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib43","first-page":"216","article-title":"Development and characterisation of chitosan nanoparticles for siRNA delivery","volume":"115","author":"Katas","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2021.131298","article-title":"Synthesis of cyclodextrins-metronidazole inclusion complexes and incorporation of metronidazole-2-hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin inclusion complex in chitosan nanoparticles","volume":"1247","author":"Bensouiki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.2010.935","article-title":"Preparation of dispersible chitosan particles with borate crosslinking for antimicrobial and antifungal application","volume":"39","author":"Nagaoka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib46","first-page":"325","article-title":"Antifungal mechanisms supporting boric acid therapy of Candida vaginitis","volume":"63","author":"De Seta","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib47","first-page":"42","article-title":"5-Fluorouracil encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles for pH-stimulated drug delivery: evaluation of controlled release kinetics","volume":"2012","author":"Aydin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.01.005","article-title":"In vitro antitumor activity of methotrexate via pH-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles","volume":"34","author":"Nogueira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2174\/157018010790225831","article-title":"Formulation of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with metronidazole for the treatment of infectious diseases","volume":"7","author":"Arias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lett. Drug Des. Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib50","article-title":"Mucoadhesive and mucopenetrating chitosan nanoparticles for glycopeptide antibiotic administration","volume":"606","author":"Abruzzo","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib51","article-title":"Development and microbiological evaluation of chitosan and chitosan-alginate microspheres for vaginal administration of metronidazole","volume":"598","author":"Cirri","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-019-1854-x","article-title":"Application of multiple regression analysis in optimization of metronidazole-chitosan nanoparticles","volume":"26","author":"Sabbagh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib53","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Vaginal drug delivery: strategies and concerns in polymeric nanoparticle development","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib54","first-page":"185","article-title":"Controlled-release biodegradable nanoparticles: from preparation to vaginal applications","volume":"115","author":"Mart\u00ednez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2018"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494_bib55","first-page":"3864","article-title":"Standardization of operator-dependent variables affecting precision and accuracy of the disk diffusion method for antibiotic susceptibility testing","volume":"53","author":"Hombach","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401023005272?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401023005272?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:02:11Z","timestamp":1760112131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401023005272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0882401023005272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Design and evaluation of antibacterials crosslinked chitosan nanoparticle as a novel carrier for the delivery of metronidazole to treat bacterial vaginosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbial Pathogenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106494","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106494"}}