{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:19:50Z","timestamp":1780100390678,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T17:19:26Z","timestamp":1732814366000},"page":"107170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Antibacterial activity of Azanza garckeana extracts (Malvaceae) in vitro and their potential use in respiratory infections"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"198","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6598-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruvarashe","family":"Dakwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winnie","family":"Mozirandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6071-6439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanley","family":"Mukanganyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1243438","article-title":"Phytochemical content, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects of traditional medicinal plants against respiratory tract bacterial pathogens","author":"Matotoka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evid. base Compl. Alternative Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1028525","article-title":"Global burden of lower respiratory infections during the last three decades","volume":"10","author":"Safiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020160","article-title":"Synergistic effect of polyphenol-rich complex of plant and green propolis extracts with antibiotics against respiratory infections causing bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Ramata-Stunda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib4","series-title":"Disease Causing Microbes","first-page":"99","article-title":"Respiratory tract infections","author":"Paul","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Childhood pneumonia: what's unchanged, and what's new?","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib6","series-title":"Radiology of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases-Volume 3: Heart and Chest","first-page":"33","article-title":"Bacterial infection","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2023.12.003","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance containment in Africa: moving beyond surveillance","volume":"6","author":"Anyaegbunam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosafety and Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib8","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Upper respiratory tract infections and treatment. A short review","volume":"21","author":"Geetha","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroQuantology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11081009","article-title":"Current and potential therapeutic options for infections caused by difficult-to-treat and pandrug resistant gram-negative bacteria in critically ill patients","volume":"11","author":"Giamarellou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-023-00930-z","article-title":"Balancing the risks and benefits of antibiotic use in a globalized world: the ethics of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"19","author":"Adebisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3","article-title":"Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis","volume":"18","author":"Tacconelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib12","article-title":"Phytochemicals screening and antimicrobial activity of the stem bark extracts of Azanza garckeana (kola of tula) christopher scholars international","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3923\/rjmp.2017.115.123","article-title":"Azanza garckeana fruit tree: phytochemistry, pharmacology, nutritional and primary healthcare applications as herbal medicine: a review","volume":"11","author":"Maroyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. J. Med. Plant"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib14","first-page":"2231","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial activity of fruit pulp extracts of Azanza garckeana (F. Hoffm.) exell & hillc and isolation of one of its active principles, betulinic acid","author":"Dikko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmaceut. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib15","first-page":"148","article-title":"The antibacterial activity of 27 southern African members of the Combretaceae","volume":"95","author":"Eloff","year":"1999","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ix","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00790.x","article-title":"Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibacterial agents by broth dilution","volume":"9","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822011000300019","article-title":"Membrane permeability alteration of some bacterial clinical isolates by selected antihistaminics","volume":"42","author":"El-Nakeeb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-012-1125-z","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of hypocrellin A against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"28","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8848606","article-title":"An evaluation of the antibacterial properties of tormentic acid congener and extracts from Callistemon viminalis on selected ESKAPE pathogens and effects on biofilm formation","author":"Chipenzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antimycobacterial, antibiofilm and efflux pump inhibitory activity of extracts from selected Combretum species used in traditional medicine in Zimbabwe","author":"Chikafa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advances in Traditional Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines3010003","article-title":"GC\u2012MS analysis and preliminary antimicrobial activity of Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach) and Pterocarpus angolensis (DC)","volume":"3","author":"Abubakar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib22","first-page":"92","article-title":"A full-length protocol to test hemolytic activity of palytoxin on human erythrocytes","volume":"4","author":"Malagoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invertebr. Surviv. J."},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib23","first-page":"e1488","article-title":"Isolation of mouse peritoneal cavity cells","author":"Ray","year":"2010","journal-title":"JoVE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib24","first-page":"1","article-title":"In vitro toxicity determination of antifungal constituents from Combretum zeyheri","volume":"16","author":"Mapfunde","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Compl. Alternative Med."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11141789","article-title":"Current state of knowledge regarding WHO critical priority pathogens: mechanisms of resistance and proposed solutions through candidates such as essential oils","volume":"11","author":"Badescu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13030233","article-title":"Post-coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic antimicrobial resistance","volume":"13","author":"Boccabella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib27","first-page":"2519","article-title":"Antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of nine plants from chencha, southern Ethiopia","author":"Manilal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib28","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities and phytochemical screenin of aqueous fruit pulp extracts of Azanza garckeana","volume":"34","author":"Zakawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"F. 83 NJB"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib29","article-title":"Comparative analysis of mass spectral matching for confident compound identification using the advanced electron ionization source for GC-MS","author":"Gujar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thermscientific"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2022.2083456","article-title":"GC\u2012MS analysis and antioxidant activity of the essential oil from flowers of Achillea millefolium L. Under temperate climatic conditions of kashmir","volume":"25","author":"Nazir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241978","article-title":"Cell death and biomass reduction in biofilms of multidrug resistant extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates by 1,8-cineole","volume":"15","author":"Vazquez","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12142811","article-title":"Phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial properties and bioactivity of marine red seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) and seagrass (Cymodocea serrulata)","volume":"12","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2016.05.010","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antibiofilm potential of 2,4-Di- tert -butylphenol from seaweed surface associated bacterium Bacillus subtilis against group A streptococcus","volume":"191","author":"Viszwapriya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/01490451.2018.1503377","article-title":"Antibacterial potential of 2 , 4-Di-tert-Butylphenol and calixarene-based prodrugs from thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis isolated in Algerian hot spring","volume":"36","author":"Aissaoui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomicrobiol. J."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4133","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2020.1736064","article-title":"Chemical composition, cytotoxicity and molecular profiling of Cordia africana Lam. on human breast cancer cell line","volume":"35","author":"Ashmawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaomr.jiaomr_98_21","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of lycopene, raspberry, green tea herbal formulation mediated silver nanoparticle","volume":"33","author":"Chaithanya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Indian Acad. Oral Med. Radiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4314\/njb.v38i1.3S","article-title":"Gas chromatography \u2013 mass spectrometry identification of bioactive compounds in methanol and aqueous seed extracts of Azanza garckeana fruits","volume":"38","author":"Momodu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.14500\/aro.10868","article-title":"Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of Pistacia atlantica var . kurdica fruits","volume":"IX","author":"Kaskoos","year":"2021","journal-title":"ARO-The Scientific Journal of Koya University"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041388","article-title":"Ocimum basilicum L. Methanol extract enhances mitochondrial efficiency and decreases adipokine levels in maturing adipocytes which regulate macrophage systemic inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Subash-Babu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v13i11.20","article-title":"Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopic (GC-MS) analysis of n-hexane extract of Lentinus tuber-regium (Fr) Fr (Polyporaceae) Syn Pleurotus tuber regium Fr sclerotia","volume":"13","author":"Afieroho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharmaceut. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/sajrm\/2023\/v16i1296","article-title":"Evaluation of antibacterial activity of endemic Jeffreycia zeylanica plant found in Sri Lanka","volume":"16","author":"Samaraweera","year":"2023","journal-title":"South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of the leaves of three medicinal plants against selected bacteria isolated from wounds of lymphoedema patients","volume":"21","author":"Nigussie","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/22311866.2017.1378922","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mode of action of Vernonia adoensis (Asteraceae) extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"7","author":"Mozirandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of chondrillasterol isolated from Vernonia adoensis (Asteraceae)","volume":"19","author":"Mozirandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Compl. Alternative Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.197-200","article-title":"Morphological and adhesive properties of Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilms","volume":"13","author":"Lenchenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib46","first-page":"6","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and evaluation of in vitro haemolytic, thrombolytic and antiinflammatory activities of Aerva lanata (l.)","volume":"6","author":"Vidhya","year":"2016","journal-title":"IAJPS"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16020222","article-title":"Delivery strategies for colchicine as a critical dose drug: reducing toxicity and enhancing efficacy","volume":"16","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2023.2288240","article-title":"What is the lowest lethal dose of colchicine?","volume":"37","author":"Mitev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib49","first-page":"11","article-title":"Determination of the cytotoxic effect of different leaf extracts from Parinari curatellifolia (chrysobalanaceae)","volume":"2020","author":"Kundishora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hindawi Journal of Toxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2010.487489","article-title":"In vitro toxicity of silver nanoparticles on murine peritoneal macrophages","volume":"33","author":"Shavandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170_bib51","series-title":"In Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis and demonstration of antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activities of ethnomedicinal","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401024006375?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401024006375?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T21:23:33Z","timestamp":1733952213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401024006375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0882401024006375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Antibacterial activity of Azanza garckeana extracts (Malvaceae) in vitro and their potential use in respiratory infections","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbial Pathogenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107170"}}