{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:56:06Z","timestamp":1790207766576,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:10:47Z","timestamp":1737677447000},"page":"107317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Colistin antibacterial activity, clinical effectiveness, and mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired resistance"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"201","author":[{"given":"Seyyed Mohammad Javad","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minoo","family":"Hosseinpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansoor","family":"Kodori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fariba","family":"Rafiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hojat","family":"Shahraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Shiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7258-5541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5183-6153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javad Yasbolaghi","family":"Sharahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25061340","article-title":"Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to current antibacterial agents and approaches to resolve it","volume":"25","author":"Breijyeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in clinical environments. Canadian journal of microbiology","volume":"65","author":"Lerminiaux","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib3","first-page":"711","article-title":"Pharmacology of polymyxins: new insights into an \u2018old\u2019class of antibiotics. Future microbiology","volume":"8","author":"Velkov","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15010072","article-title":"Antimicrobial proteins: structure, molecular action, and therapeutic potential","volume":"15","author":"Hassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-015-1084-5","article-title":"Characterization of the colistin (polymyxin E1 and E2) biosynthetic gene cluster","volume":"197","author":"Tambadou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib6","series-title":"Use of Colistin in Critically Ill Patients. Polymyxin Antibiotics: from Laboratory Bench to Bedside","first-page":"155","author":"Marchaim","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65836","article-title":"Colistin kills bacteria by targeting lipopolysaccharide in the cytoplasmic membrane","volume":"10","author":"Sabnis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00424-7","article-title":"Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159863","article-title":"Prevalence of mcr-1 in E. coli from livestock and food in Germany, 2010\u20132015","volume":"11","author":"Irrgang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib10","first-page":"5033","article-title":"Detection of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from different hospitals in China. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy","volume":"60","author":"Yu","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02262","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and colistin resistant mechanism of mcr-positive and mcr-negative clinical isolated Escherichia coli","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111716","article-title":"Colistin update on its mechanism of action and resistance, present and future challenges","volume":"8","author":"Andrade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2015.1018989","article-title":"Colistin, mechanisms and prevalence of resistance","volume":"31","author":"Bialvaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib14","first-page":"2311","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of four different brands of colistimethate and formed colistin in rats. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy","volume":"68","author":"He","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib15","first-page":"626","article-title":"\u2018Old\u2019antibiotics for emerging multidrug-resistant bacteria. Current opinion in infectious diseases","volume":"25","author":"Bergen","year":"2012"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-017-0561-1","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of colistin","volume":"56","author":"Gr\u00e9goire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5087","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01127-13","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate in rats: achieving sustained lung concentrations of colistin for targeting respiratory infections","volume":"57","author":"WS Yapa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib18","first-page":"175","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of the colistin peptide polymyxin E1 and related antimicrobial peptides. The Journal of Peptide Research","volume":"57","author":"Kline","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib19","first-page":"244","article-title":"Biosynthesis of colistin by Bacillus colistinus Koyama. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis","volume":"213","author":"Ito","year":"1970"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib20","first-page":"262","article-title":"Studies on the bacterial formation of peptide antibiotic, colistin: Part II","volume":"33","author":"Ito","year":"1969","journal-title":"Biosynthes. 6-Methyloctanoic Isooctanoic Acids. Agricult. Biolog. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.6.5.593","article-title":"Potential of old-generation antibiotics to address current need for new antibiotics","volume":"6","author":"Falagas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-infect. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2012.04.008","article-title":"Colistin past and future: a bibliographic analysis","volume":"28","author":"Azzopardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.12.78","article-title":"Colistin: an update on the antibiotic of the 21st century","volume":"10","author":"Biswas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-infect. Ther."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00103-08","article-title":"Stability of colistin methanesulfonate in pharmaceutical products and solutions for administration to patients","volume":"52","author":"Wallace","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1086\/429323","article-title":"Colistin: the revival of polymyxins for the management of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections","volume":"40","author":"Falagas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib26","article-title":"Parenteral (Colistimethate for injection, USP)","author":"Coly-Mycin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prescrib. Inform. Feb"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677720","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.677720","article-title":"Current update on intrinsic and acquired colistin resistance mechanisms in bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Gogry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib28","first-page":"163","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of polymyxin resistance and detection of mcr genes","author":"Mlynarcik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Paper. Med. Facult. Palacky Univer. Olomouc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00035-06","article-title":"Colistin methanesulfonate is an inactive prodrug of colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"50","author":"Bergen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1964.tb01610.x","article-title":"Sodium sulphomethyl derivatives of polymyxins","volume":"23","author":"Barnett","year":"1964","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03734.x","article-title":"Colistin: new lessons on an old antibiotic","volume":"18","author":"Yahav","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infection"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00101-06","article-title":"Use of international units when dosing colistin will help decrease confusion related to various formulations of the drug around the world","volume":"50","author":"Falagas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70580-1","article-title":"Colistin: the re-emerging antibiotic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2006.09.011","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of colistin (colistimethate sodium) for therapy of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in Siriraj Hospital. Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"11","author":"Koomanachai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.10.011","article-title":"Aerosolized colistin as adjunctive treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: a prospective study","volume":"102","author":"Michalopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2628-7","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of inhaled colistimethate sodium (CMS) in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients","volume":"38","author":"Athanassa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4907","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00345-09","article-title":"Penetration of colistin into cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"53","author":"Markantonis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.896740","article-title":"Intraventricular or intrathecal colistin for the treatment of central nervous system infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"12","author":"Imberti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-infect. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-1-14","article-title":"Renal and neurological side effects of colistin in critically ill patients","volume":"1","author":"Spapen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-015-1865-4","article-title":"A review on colistin nephrotoxicity","volume":"71","author":"Ordooei Javan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.4103\/ijn.IJN_130_20","article-title":"Colistin Nephrotoxicity-age and baseline kidney functions hold the key","volume":"31","author":"Prasannan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Nephrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib42","first-page":"9","article-title":"Update on colistin in clinical practice","volume":"35","author":"Alfahad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib43","unstructured":"Team, P.-A.L.-T.C., ANTIBIOTIC ADVERSE DRUG EVENTS (ADE) TEMPLATE."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11071165","article-title":"A molecular perspective on colistin and Klebsiella pneumoniae: Mode of action, resistance genetics, and phenotypic susceptibility","volume":"11","author":"Elias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11122352","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae and colistin susceptibility testing: performance evaluation for broth microdilution, agar dilution and minimum inhibitory concentration test strips and impact of the \u201cskipped well\u201d phenomenon","volume":"11","author":"Elias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib46","first-page":"15","article-title":"Interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing using European committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST) and clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) breakpoints: analysis of agreement","author":"Gaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01864-19","article-title":"The clinical and laboratory standards institute subcommittee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing: background, organization, functions, and processes","volume":"58","author":"Weinstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib48","first-page":"501","article-title":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) technical notes on antimicrobial susceptibility testing","author":"Kahlmeter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wiley Online Library"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2206.151840","article-title":"Rapid detection of polymyxin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"22","author":"Nordmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.09.014","article-title":"Combining VITEK\u00ae 2 with colistin agar dilution screening assist timely reporting of colistin susceptibility","volume":"25","author":"Lellouche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib51","article-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-fifth informational supplement","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinic. Lab. Standards Instit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib52","article-title":"Recommendations for MIC determination of colistin (polymyxin E) as recommended by the joint CLSI-EUCAST Polymyxin Breakpoints Working Group","author":"Testing","year":"2016","journal-title":"EUCAST: V\u00e4xj\u00f6, Sweden"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.1093933","article-title":"Polymyxin B versus colistin: an update","volume":"13","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-infect. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03385-12","article-title":"Colistin MIC variability by method for contemporary clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli","volume":"51","author":"Hindler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4625","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00868-15","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of colistin susceptibility testing methods among carbapenem-nonsusceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates","volume":"59","author":"Dafopoulou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib56","article-title":"Detection of extensively drug-resistant and hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae ST15, ST147, ST377 and ST442 in Iran","author":"Davoudabadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2014.46.3.149","article-title":"Therapy of infections due to carbapenem-resistant gram-negative pathogens","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.2003.01257.x","article-title":"Induced colistin resistance as an identifying marker for Aeromonas phenospecies groups","volume":"36","author":"Fosse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01597-13","article-title":"Biological cost of different mechanisms of colistin resistance and their impact on virulence in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"58","author":"Beceiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2010.05.002","article-title":"Resistance to polymyxins: mechanisms, frequency and treatment options","volume":"13","author":"Falagas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-42302009000600023","article-title":"Polymyxins: review with emphasis on nephrotoxicity","volume":"55","author":"Mendes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. M\u00e9d. Bras."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.18426","article-title":"Polymyxin B sulfate and colistin: old antibiotics for emerging multiresistant gram-negative bacteria","volume":"33","author":"Evans","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00006-08","article-title":"Polymyxins revisited","volume":"21","author":"Landman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2015.1088520","article-title":"The safety of polymyxin antibiotics","volume":"14","author":"Kelesidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expet Opin. Drug Saf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-024-06890-w","article-title":"The context of bla OXA\u2212 23 gene in Iraqi carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates belonging to global clone 1 and global clone 2","volume":"17","author":"Wajid Odhafa","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1754133","article-title":"Colistin and its role in the Era of antibiotic resistance: an extended review (2000\u20132019)","volume":"9","author":"El-Sayed Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microb. Infect."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh167","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin in rats following an intravenous dose of colistin methanesulphonate","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030516","article-title":"Colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: molecular mechanisms and epidemiology","volume":"12","author":"Novovi\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib69","first-page":"14","article-title":"Role of efflux pumps, their inhibitors, and regulators in colistin resistance","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib70","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance genes: mcr","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib71","first-page":"1930","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms related to colistin resistance against gram negative isolates","author":"Wasef","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tobacco Regulat. Sci. (TRS)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00012-23","article-title":"The impact of colistin resistance on the activation of innate immunity by lipopolysaccharide modification","volume":"91","author":"Avenda\u00f1o-Ortiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2019-055","article-title":"Colistin resistance in Enterobacterales strains\u2013a current view","volume":"68","author":"Stefaniuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00064-16","article-title":"Polymyxins: antibacterial activity, susceptibility testing, and resistance mechanisms encoded by plasmids or chromosomes","volume":"30","author":"Poirel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2021.01381","article-title":"Detection of NDM-1 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST15 and ST147 in Iran during 2019-2020","author":"Rad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib76","first-page":"76","article-title":"Colistin resistance mechanisms in Gram-negative bacteria: a Focus on Escherichia coli","author":"Abavisani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2008.03.007","article-title":"The Salmonella PmrAB regulon: lipopolysaccharide modifications, antimicrobial peptide resistance and more","volume":"16","author":"Gunn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6451","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S427398","article-title":"Chromosome-mediated colistin Resistance in clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli: mutation Analysis in the Light of genetic background","author":"Riquelme","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127374","article-title":"Roles of two-component regulatory systems in Klebsiella pneumoniae: regulation of virulence, antibiotic resistance, and stress responses","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-023-03476-1","article-title":"Farm to table: colistin resistance hitchhiking through food","volume":"205","author":"Talat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011345","article-title":"Cross-talk between QseBC and PmrAB two-component systems is crucial for regulation of motility and colistin resistance in Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"19","author":"Fernandez-Ciruelos","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib82","first-page":"1","article-title":"Molecular characterization of colistin resistance genes in a high-risk ST101\/KPC-2 clone of Klebsiella pneumoniae in a University Hospital of Split, Croatia","author":"Rubic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00022-21","article-title":"A resistance mechanism in non-mcr colistin-resistant Escherichia coli in Taiwan: R81H substitution in PmrA is an independent factor contributing to colistin resistance","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621391","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.621391","article-title":"The PhoPQ two-component system is the major regulator of cell surface properties, stress responses and plant-derived substrate utilisation during development of pectobacterium versatile-host plant pathosystems","volume":"11","author":"Kravchenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04037-14","article-title":"Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of colistin-resistant clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae reveal multiple pathways of resistance","volume":"59","author":"Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00009-16","article-title":"Amino acid substitutions of CrrB responsible for resistance to colistin through CrrC in Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"60","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.107011","article-title":"Roles of crrAB two-component regulatory system in Klebsiella pneumoniae: growth yield, survival in initial colistin treatment stage, and virulence","volume":"63","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-021-00437-8","article-title":"Molecular characteristics of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran","volume":"20","author":"Sharahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001647","article-title":"Genomic characterization of colistin resistance in Klebsiella spp. under the pressure of colistin","volume":"72","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03595-21","article-title":"MgrB-dependent colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae is associated with an increase in host-to-host transmission","volume":"13","author":"Bray","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00790-20","article-title":"Proteomic investigation of the signal transduction pathways controlling colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"64","author":"Cheung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00176-20","article-title":"How the PhoP\/PhoQ system controls virulence and Mg2+ homeostasis: lessons in signal transduction, pathogenesis, physiology, and evolution","volume":"85","author":"Groisman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00643","article-title":"Mechanisms of polymyxin resistance: acquired and intrinsic resistance in bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Olaitan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3628","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00284-09","article-title":"Resistance to colistin in Acinetobacter baumannii associated with mutations in the PmrAB two-component system","volume":"53","author":"Adams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00256-11","article-title":"The pmrCAB operon mediates polymyxin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 and clinical isolates through phosphoethanolamine modification of lipid A","volume":"55","author":"Arroyo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14222599","article-title":"A systematic Review and meta-Analysis of molecular Characteristics on colistin Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"14","author":"Ciftci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0243","article-title":"Prevalence of genes involved in colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: first report from Iraq","volume":"26","author":"Al-Kadmy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4971","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00834-10","article-title":"Colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii is mediated by complete loss of lipopolysaccharide production","volume":"54","author":"Moffatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01732-10","article-title":"Insertion sequence IS Aba11 is involved in colistin resistance and loss of lipopolysaccharide in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"55","author":"Moffatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01928-22","article-title":"Preferential selection of low-frequency, lipopolysaccharide-modified, colistin-resistant mutants with a combination of antimicrobials in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"10","author":"Kamoshida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15638","article-title":"In vitro colistin susceptibility of pandrug-resistant Ac. baumannii is restored in the presence of selenium nanoparticles","volume":"133","author":"U\u0161jak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2966","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku238","article-title":"Development of colistin resistance in pmrA-, phoP-, parR-and cprR-inactivated mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"69","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2016.02.005","article-title":"Agents of last resort: polymyxin resistance","volume":"30","author":"Kaye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5761","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05391-11","article-title":"PhoQ mutations promote lipid A modification and polymyxin resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa found in colistin-treated cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"55","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2018.070","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of polymyxin resistance and detection of mcr genes","volume":"163","author":"Mlynarcik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac Univ. Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.11.027","article-title":"Mutations and expression of PmrAB and PhoPQ related with colistin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates","volume":"78","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00720-06","article-title":"Differentiation and distribution of colistin- and sodium dodecyl sulfate-tolerant cells in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms","volume":"189","author":"Haagensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt531","article-title":"Genomic variations between colistin-susceptible and -resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates and their effects on colistin resistance","volume":"69","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S238811","article-title":"Prevalence and some possible mechanisms of colistin resistance among multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","author":"Abd El-Baky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib110","first-page":"23","article-title":"Role of efflux pumps on antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","author":"Lorusso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00016-11","article-title":"Cholesterol enhances Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics and LL-37","volume":"55","author":"McGee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7107","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.12.7107-7114.2004","article-title":"Capsule polysaccharide mediates bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides","volume":"72","author":"Campos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3877","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2008\/022301-0","article-title":"Capsule polysaccharide is a bacterial decoy for antimicrobial peptides","volume":"154","author":"Llobet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv118","article-title":"Unravelling of a mechanism of resistance to colistin in Klebsiella pneumoniae using atomic force microscopy","volume":"70","author":"Formosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky320","article-title":"CpxR overexpression increases the susceptibility of acrB and cpxR double-deleted Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to colistin","volume":"73","author":"Zhai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2006.01.003","article-title":"A novel role for protein-tyrosine kinase Etk from Escherichia coli K-12 related to polymyxin resistance","volume":"157","author":"Lacour","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2020.1830060","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and bacterial biofilm","volume":"30","author":"Grande","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00153","article-title":"Growth rate and biofilm formation ability of clinical and laboratory-evolved colistin-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"9","author":"Farshadzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00237-16","article-title":"Acquisition of broad-spectrum cephalosporin resistance leading to colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"60","author":"Jayol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4678","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00834-13","article-title":"The MerR-like regulator BrlR impairs Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm tolerance to colistin by repressing PhoPQ","volume":"195","author":"Chambers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259915","article-title":"The effect of the efflux pump inhibitor Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) on the susceptibility to imipenem and cefepime in clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"16","author":"Sanchez-Carbonel","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4449","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02284-12","article-title":"KpnEF, a new member of the Klebsiella pneumoniae cell envelope stress response regulon, is an SMR-type efflux pump involved in broad-spectrum antimicrobial resistance","volume":"57","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.4.1161-1161.2002","article-title":"Erratum: association of genetic mutations in Plasmodium vivax dhfr with resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine: geographical and clinical correlates (Antimicrobrial Agents and Chemotherapy (2001) 45: 11 (3122\u20133127))","volume":"46","author":"Imwong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4053","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06089.x","article-title":"Molecular genetic analysis of a locus required for resistance to antimicrobial peptides in Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"12","author":"Parra-Lopez","year":"1993","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000741","article-title":"Contribution of efflux to colistin heteroresistance in a multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolate","volume":"67","author":"Machado","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-020-0289-2","article-title":"Deciphering colistin heteroresistance in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from Wenzhou, China","volume":"73","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2020.1735118","article-title":"Alterations in AdeS and AdeR regulatory proteins in 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine responsive colistin resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"32","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020394","article-title":"Detection of mcr-1 gene in undefined Vibrio species isolated from clams","volume":"10","author":"Valdez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib129","article-title":"An update on the prevalence of colistin and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria in aquaculture: an emerging threat to public health","author":"Memesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17031028","article-title":"Occurrence and characteristics of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene-containing isolates from the environment: a review","volume":"17","author":"Anyanwu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12071117","article-title":"Mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene-containing organisms in poultry sector in low-and middle-income countries: epidemiology, characteristics, and one health control strategies","volume":"12","author":"Anyanwu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2021.1901577","article-title":"Detection of mobile colistin-resistance gene variants (mcr-1 and mcr-2) in urinary tract pathogens in Bangladesh: the last resort of infectious disease management colistin efficacy is under threat","volume":"14","author":"Ara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expet Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib133","first-page":"2021","article-title":"Prevalence and traits of mobile colistin resistance gene harbouring isolates from different ecosystems in Africa","author":"Anyanwu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11606","article-title":"Potential sources and characteristic occurrence of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene-harbouring bacteria recovered from the poultry sector: a literature synthesis specific to high-income countries","volume":"9","author":"Anyanwu","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153740","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1153740","article-title":"Characterization of two novel colistin resistance gene mcr-1 variants originated from Moraxella spp","volume":"14","author":"Che","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290356","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes profiling of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus isolates from some seafood collected at the aquatic environment and wet markets in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa","volume":"18","author":"Abioye","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06307-y","article-title":"Mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes from 1 to 10: a comprehensive review","volume":"48","author":"Hussein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib138","first-page":"1210","article-title":"Global epidemiology, genetic environment, risk factors and therapeutic prospects of mcr genes: a current and emerging update","author":"Mmatli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib139","first-page":"11","article-title":"Emergence of colistin resistance and characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio cholerae isolated from hybrid red tilapia cage culture","author":"Thaotumpitak","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02281-4","article-title":"Putative mobilized colistin resistance genes in the human gut microbiome","volume":"21","author":"Andrade","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.6.17-00672","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for detection of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance determinants, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4 and mcr-5 for surveillance purposes","volume":"23","author":"Rebelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070838","article-title":"Characterisation of colistin-resistant Enterobacterales and Acinetobacter strains carrying mcr genes from Asian aquaculture products","volume":"10","author":"Kalov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03118-y","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of colistin-resistant Escherichia Coli with mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-6, and mcr-9 genes from broiler chicken and farm environment","volume":"23","author":"Lemlem","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106065","article-title":"Colistin heteroresistance in Acinetobacter spp.: systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and discussion of the mechanisms and potential therapeutic implications","volume":"56","author":"Karakonstantis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02881-20","article-title":"Colistin heteroresistance is largely undetected among carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Band","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S273784","article-title":"Resistance and heteroresistance to colistin in Escherichia coli isolates from Wenzhou, China","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21608\/aprh.2023.193384.1212","article-title":"Heteroresistance: a gray side of antimicrobial susceptibility testing","author":"Al-Shebiny","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Advan. Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.10.018","article-title":"Antibiotic heteroresistance in ESKAPE pathogens, from bench to bedside","volume":"29","author":"Roch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infection"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007726","article-title":"Heteroresistance: a cause of unexplained antibiotic treatment failure?","volume":"15","author":"Band","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05191-11","article-title":"Colistin-resistant, lipopolysaccharide-deficient Acinetobacter baumannii responds to lipopolysaccharide loss through increased expression of genes involved in the synthesis and transport of lipoproteins, phospholipids, and poly-\u03b2-1, 6-N-acetylglucosamine","volume":"56","author":"Henry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0218-1","article-title":"Mechanisms and clinical relevance of bacterial heteroresistance","volume":"17","author":"Andersson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11030377","article-title":"Comparison of six phenotypic assays with reference methods for assessing colistin resistance in clinical isolates of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales: challenges and opportunities","volume":"11","author":"F\u0151ldes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02871","article-title":"Heterogeneous colistin-resistance phenotypes coexisting in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates influence colistin susceptibility testing","volume":"9","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Servat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01779-13","article-title":"In vitro responses of Acinetobacter baumannii to two-and three-drug combinations following exposure to colistin and doripenem","volume":"58","author":"Oleksiuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2014.03.001","article-title":"Colistin in multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa blood-stream infections: a narrative review for the clinician","volume":"69","author":"Martis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"issue":"51","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16201","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c06615","article-title":"Naringenin microsphere as a novel adjuvant reverses colistin resistance via various strategies against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection","volume":"70","author":"Sheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib157","first-page":"2022","article-title":"Colistin resistance and management of drug resistant infections","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11030323","article-title":"The efficacy of using combination therapy against multi-drug and extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in clinical settings","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00727-4","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of double carbapenem and colistin combinations against OXA-48, NDM carbapenemase-producing colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains","volume":"9","author":"Erdem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1179\/1973947813Y.0000000143","article-title":"Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis in corticosteroid receipt mice: tigecycline or colistin monotherapy versus tigecycline\/colistin combination","volume":"26","author":"Demiraslan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2016.12.008","article-title":"Comparison of synergism between colistin, fosfomycin and tigecycline against extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates or with carbapenem resistance","volume":"50","author":"Ku","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib162","first-page":"2022","article-title":"Repurposing azithromycin in combination with last-line fosfomycin, colistin and tigecycline against Multi-Drug Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","author":"G\u00f3mara-Lomero","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157757","article-title":"Activity of colistin in combination with meropenem, tigecycline, fosfomycin, fusidic acid, rifampin or sulbactam against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a murine thigh-infection model","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib164","first-page":"6028","article-title":"Activity of tigecycline in combination with colistin, meropenem, rifampin, or gentamicin against KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a murine thigh infection model. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy","volume":"57","author":"Michail","year":"2013"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11113239","article-title":"Colistin monotherapy versus colistin plus meropenem combination therapy for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2200131","article-title":"Colistin monotherapy versus combination therapy for carbapenem-resistant organisms","volume":"2","author":"Kaye","year":"2022","journal-title":"NEJM Evidence"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2013.827881","article-title":"Is there really no benefit to combination therapy with colistin?","volume":"11","author":"Pogue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-infect. Ther."}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401025000427?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401025000427?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T03:02:56Z","timestamp":1740798176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401025000427"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":167,"alternative-id":["S0882401025000427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Colistin antibacterial activity, clinical effectiveness, and mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired resistance","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbial Pathogenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107317","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107317"}}