{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:59:10Z","timestamp":1792447150669,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T07:27:44Z","timestamp":1743751664000},"page":"107535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Comprehensive insights into leishmaniasis: From etiopathogenesis to a novel therapeutic approach"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Zeeshan","family":"Ansari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayush","family":"Chaurasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Neha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Kalani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh Kumar","family":"Bachheti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0719-5694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prakash Chandra","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-022-00726-8","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: a 2022 updated narrative review into diagnosis and management developments","volume":"23","author":"de Vries","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.190334","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Eurasia and Africa: geographical distribution of vector species and pathogens","volume":"6","author":"Cunze","year":"2019","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00011","article-title":"The geographical distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis causative agents in Iran and its neighboring countries, A review","volume":"8","author":"Ghatee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-021-00232-7","article-title":"A review of leishmaniasis: current knowledge and future directions","volume":"8","author":"Mann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Trop. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.702240","article-title":"Advances in understanding leishmania pathobiology: what does RNA-seq tell us?","volume":"9","author":"Salloum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib6","first-page":"143","article-title":"Housing risk factors of four tropical neglected diseases: a brief review of the recent literature","volume":"7","author":"Chastonay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trav. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres15030109","article-title":"A systematic assessment of leishmania donovani infection in domestic and wild animal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in India","volume":"15","author":"Ghouse Peer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib8","first-page":"145","article-title":"Exploration of advanced therapeutics for lymphatic and cutaneous leishmaniasis","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanostructured Drug Delivery Systems in Infectious Disease Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1326521","article-title":"The immune response in canine and human leishmaniasis and how this influences the diagnosis- a review and assessment of recent research","volume":"13","author":"Iv\u0103nescu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2021.1991795","article-title":"Vaccines against leishmaniasis: using controlled human infection models to accelerate development","volume":"20","author":"Parkash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111671","article-title":"Host immune response against leishmaniasis and parasite persistence strategies: a review and assessment of recent research","volume":"139","author":"Elmahallawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04856-6","article-title":"Sand fly identification and screening for Leishmania spp. in six provinces of Thailand","volume":"14","author":"Phuphisut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-024-00190-z","article-title":"Global dilemma and needs assessment toward achieving sustainable development goals in controlling leishmaniasis","volume":"14","author":"Bamorovat","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2024.102942","article-title":"Half a century of Japanese research on two Neglected Tropical Diseases (trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis): overseas scientific cooperation","volume":"103","author":"Alunda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06381-8","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of Leishmania species, vectors and reservoirs","volume":"17","author":"Blaizot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.37022\/wjcmpr.v6i1.315","article-title":"A review of leishmania genome, hosts, virulence factors, pathogenesis and treatment","author":"KarimAlqaraghli","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Journal of Current Medical and Pharmaceutical Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012427","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, prevention practice and lived experience towards cutaneous leishmaniasis and associated factors among residents of Kutaber district, Northeast Ethiopia, 2022: a mixed method study","volume":"18","author":"Geto","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1052478","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: recent epidemiological studies in the Middle East","volume":"13","author":"Knight","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib19","first-page":"44","article-title":"The global burden of disease of zoonotic parasitic diseases: top 5 contenders for priority consideration","volume":"4","author":"Pisarski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trav. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06282-w","article-title":"Canine leishmaniasis in the Americas: etiology, distribution, and clinical and zoonotic importance","volume":"17","author":"Dantas-Torres","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010319","article-title":"Recent progress in the development of indole-based compounds active against malaria, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis","volume":"27","author":"Pacheco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib22","first-page":"101","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"33","author":"Aronson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006914","article-title":"Uncharted territory of the epidemiological burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis in sub-Saharan Africa\u2014a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Sunyoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-024-00880-5","article-title":"The elimination status of visceral leishmaniasis in southeast Asia region","volume":"69","author":"Rahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1763","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00392-2","article-title":"Towards the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis as a public health problem in east Africa: reflections on an enhanced control strategy and a call for action","volume":"9","author":"Alvar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101887","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment regimens in different geographical areas with a focus on pediatrics","volume":"10","author":"Scarpini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010621","article-title":"Clinical criteria for Mucosal Leishmaniasis diagnosis in rural South America: a systematic literature review","volume":"16","author":"Bezemer","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0451-5","article-title":"An interactive database of Leishmania species distribution in the Americas","volume":"7","author":"Herrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030578","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in the United States: emerging issues in a region of low endemicity","volume":"9","author":"Curtin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010862","article-title":"Genomic analysis of two phlebotomine sand fly vectors of Leishmania from the New and Old World","volume":"17","author":"Labb\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib31","series-title":"Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention of Leishmaniasis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: an overview of evolution, classification, distribution, and historical aspects of parasite and its vector","author":"Tripathi","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-024-06016-1","article-title":"Contribution of imaging in the diagnosis of three neglected diseases in the southern cone: leishmaniasis, dengue, and chikungunya","author":"Galeano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16870.1","article-title":"A clinical study to optimise a sand fly biting protocol for use in a controlled human infection model of cutaneous leishmaniasis (the FLYBITE study)","volume":"6","author":"Parkash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9051101","article-title":"A systematic review (1990\u20132021) of wild animals infected with zoonotic leishmania","volume":"9","author":"Azami-Conesa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib35","article-title":"Leishmania infantum AS A CAUSATIVE AGENT OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN THE STATE OF MATO GROSSO DO SUL","volume":"58","author":"Castro","year":"2016","journal-title":"BRAZIL, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib36","author":"V\u00e9lez"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111671","article-title":"Host immune response against leishmaniasis and parasite persistence strategies: a review and assessment of recent research","volume":"139","author":"Elmahallawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.03.011","article-title":"Th1-Th2 cross-regulation controls early leishmania infection in the skin by modulating the size of the permissive monocytic host cell reservoir","volume":"27","author":"Carneiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib39","first-page":"54","article-title":"Immune responses in leishmaniasis: an overview","volume":"7","author":"Costa-da-Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trav. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-021-00232-7","article-title":"A review of leishmaniasis: current knowledge and future directions","volume":"8","author":"Mann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Trop. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2024.24.e14","article-title":"Th17 cell and inflammatory infiltrate interactions in cutaneous leishmaniasis: unraveling immunopathogenic mechanisms","volume":"24","author":"Morales-Primo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immune Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155325","article-title":"Central and local controls of monocytopoiesis influence the outcome of Leishmania infection","volume":"147","author":"Raybarman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1402539","article-title":"Immune response to viscerotropic Leishmania: a comprehensive review","volume":"15","author":"Lodi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01244-x","article-title":"Investigation of parasite genetic variation and systemic immune responses in patients presenting with different clinical presentations of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania aethiopica","volume":"13","author":"Yizengaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3390\/immuno2010015","article-title":"Host\u2013pathogen interaction in leishmaniasis: immune response and vaccination strategies","volume":"2","author":"Yasmin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immuno"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14020115","article-title":"Role of tRNA-derived fragments in Protozoan parasite biology","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55538-7","article-title":"TransLeish: identification of membrane transporters essential for survival of intracellular Leishmania parasites in a systematic gene deletion screen","volume":"16","author":"Albuquerque-Wendt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2024.04.005","article-title":"Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) derived from Leishmania and bacteria increase gene expression of antimicrobial peptides and gut surface proteins in sand flies","volume":"54","author":"Vom\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1 Kykalov\u00e1","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib49","author":"Cristina Vanrell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03240-z","article-title":"Sand flies: basic information on the vectors of leishmaniasis and their interactions with Leishmania parasites","volume":"5","author":"Cec\u00edlio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02655","article-title":"Host-directed drug therapies for neglected tropical diseases caused by Protozoan parasites","volume":"9","author":"Varikuti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008674","article-title":"The role of dermis resident macrophages and their interaction with neutrophils in the early establishment of Leishmania major infection transmitted by sand fly bite","volume":"16","author":"Chaves","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00009-21","article-title":"Leishmania donovani metacyclic promastigotes impair phagosome properties in inflammatory monocytes","volume":"89","author":"Matte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/27694127.2022.2149211","article-title":"Autophagy in protists and their hosts: when, how and why?","volume":"2","author":"Romano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autophagy. Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12910","article-title":"Paradoxical immune response in leishmaniasis: the role of toll\u2010like receptors in disease progression","volume":"44","author":"Bamigbola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2074130","article-title":"The pathogenicity and virulence of Leishmania - interplay of virulence factors with host defenses","volume":"13","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155267","article-title":"Cytokines and metabolic regulation: a framework of bidirectional influences affecting Leishmania infection","volume":"147","author":"Bodhale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.105203","article-title":"Human genetic polymorphism and Leishmaniasis","volume":"98","author":"Bharati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106660","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in immune responses and outcome of tegumentary leishmaniasis","volume":"235","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425920965658","article-title":"TLR4 and TLR9 polymorphism: probable role in susceptibility among the population of Bihar for Indian visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"27","author":"Mandal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.21608\/PUJ.2023.202887.1208","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and host-parasite interactions","volume":"16","author":"Abaza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitol. United J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1437430","article-title":"Targeting and activation of macrophages in leishmaniasis. A focus on iron oxide nanoparticles","volume":"15","author":"Palomino-Cano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib63","series-title":"Challenging Cases in Diagnostic Clinical Microbiology","first-page":"159","article-title":"Parasitology cases","author":"Couturier","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010910","article-title":"Viral endosymbiotic infection of protozoan parasites: how it influences the development of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"18","author":"Lafleur","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2021.02.008","article-title":"Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"112","author":"Abad\u00edas-Granado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz132","article-title":"Stigma, participation restriction and mental distress in patients affected by leprosy, cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease: a pilot study in two co-endemic regions of eastern Colombia","volume":"114","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008759","article-title":"Body location of \u201cNew World\u201d cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions and its impact on the quality of life of patients in Suriname","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0531","article-title":"Clinical presentation and response to therapy in children with cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"102","author":"Suprien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010025","article-title":"Comparative genomic analyses of new and Old world viscerotropic leishmanine parasites: further insights into the origins of visceral leishmaniasis agents","volume":"11","author":"Silveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010238","article-title":"A phase II multicenter randomized study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combining thermotherapy and a short course of miltefosine for the treatment of uncomplicated cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World","volume":"16","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.660183","article-title":"Host-directed therapies for cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"12","author":"Novais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010427","article-title":"Prevalence of Leishmania RNA virus in Leishmania parasites in patients with tegumentary leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Shita","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.47430\/ujmr.2493.008","article-title":"Molecular characterization of agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in dutsin-ma local government area of katsina state, northwestern, Nigeria","author":"Enimie","year":"2024","journal-title":"UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070890","article-title":"The extraordinary case of a woman with a 30-year-long diffuse leishmaniasis cured with one single ampoule of intranasal pentavalent antimoniate","volume":"12","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020297","article-title":"Unusual observations in leishmaniasis\u2014an overview","volume":"12","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3901-1","article-title":"Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: experience of a Mediterranean hospital","volume":"13","author":"Garrido-Jare\u00f1o","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v11i5.28029","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of exuberant leishmaniasis mucocutaneous: case report","volume":"11","author":"Abreu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Research, Society and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v102.2321","article-title":"Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania infantum infection","volume":"102","author":"Linse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2019-0561-RA","article-title":"The 2018 world health organization classification of cutaneous, mucosal, and uveal melanoma: detailed analysis of 9 distinct subtypes defined by their evolutionary pathway","volume":"144","author":"Elder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14762","article-title":"Mucosal and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran from 1968 to 2018: a narrative review of clinical features, treatments, and outcomes","volume":"59","author":"Sabzevari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9100809","article-title":"One health approach to leishmaniases: understanding the disease dynamics through diagnostic tools","volume":"9","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.35500\/jghs.2020.2.e3","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: a global overview","volume":"2","author":"Wamai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Glob Health Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227697","article-title":"Burden and risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a peri-urban settlement in Kenya, 2016","volume":"15","author":"Ngere","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008363","article-title":"Xenodiagnosis to address key questions in visceral leishmaniasis control and elimination","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib85","series-title":"Challenges and Solutions against Visceral Leishmaniasis","first-page":"19","article-title":"KalaCORE: a programme to tackle visceral leishmaniasis in South Asia and East Africa (2014\u20132019)","author":"Meredith","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070969","article-title":"From infection to death: an overview of the pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"12","author":"Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.25698","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar): a triumph against a trickster disease","author":"Pasha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4103\/tp.tp_48_21","article-title":"Brahmachari and his battle against Kala-Azar","volume":"11","author":"Saha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tropenmed. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib89","first-page":"334","article-title":"An overview on leishmaniasis in Romania: diagnosis and therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Daraban Bocaneti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trav. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155321","article-title":"The importance of T cell-derived cytokines in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"147","author":"Jafarzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.685296","article-title":"Mechanisms of immunopathogenesis in cutaneous leishmaniasis and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)","volume":"11","author":"Volpedo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011780","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of paromomycin\/miltefosine\/liposomal amphotericin B combinations for the treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Sudan: a phase II, open label, randomized, parallel arm study","volume":"17","author":"Younis","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0720-y","article-title":"Assessment of quality of life in patients with post kalaazar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"15","author":"Pal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib94","series-title":"Clinical Cases in Disorders of Melanocytes","first-page":"147","article-title":"A young man with hypopigmented macules on trunk and multiple shiny nodules over face","author":"Mondal","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4103\/CDR.CDR_110_20","article-title":"Diagnosis of post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis in nonendemic areas","volume":"6","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib96","series-title":"Current Trends and Concerns in Infectious Diseases","first-page":"31","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and paradoxical reaction","author":"Fong","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-020-01212-w","article-title":"Leishmaniasis diagnosis: an update on the use of parasitological, immunological and molecular methods","volume":"44","author":"Thakur","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.107092","article-title":"The need for culture in tegumentary leishmaniasis diagnosis in Bolivia: a comparative evaluation of four parasitological techniques using two sampling methods","volume":"250","author":"Torrico","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib99","volume":"33","author":"La Hoz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib100","author":"Hailu"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib101","article-title":"The comparison of kinetoplastid DNA PCR and parasitological methods in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis using clinical samples of suspected patients in Turkey","volume":"317","author":"Yildiz Zeyrek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111632","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis: current and future methods","volume":"8","author":"Reim\u00e3o","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174436","article-title":"Advancement in leishmaniasis diagnosis and therapeutics: an update","volume":"910","author":"Kumari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3569704","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of three rK39 rapid diagnostic tests and two direct agglutination tests for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in southern Iran","volume":"2022","author":"Rezaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.1056160","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: diagnostic issues in Europe","volume":"13","author":"Torpiano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.623437","article-title":"Molecular tracking of the leishmania parasite","volume":"11","author":"Moulik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib107","series-title":"Parasitic Infections","first-page":"176","article-title":"Molecular techniques for the study and diagnosis of parasite infection","author":"Mukarram Shah","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2859-8","article-title":"Real-time PCR applications for diagnosis of leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070865","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of leishmaniasis: quantification of parasite load by a real-time PCR assay with high sensitivity","volume":"10","author":"Castelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/861831","article-title":"PCR and microscopic identification of isolated leishmania tropica from clinical samples of cutaneous leishmaniasis in human population of Kohat region in khyber pakhtunkhwa","volume":"2014","author":"Abd El-Salam","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.04.4135","article-title":"The comparison of kinetoplastid DNA PCR and parasitological methods in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis using clinical samples of suspected patients in Turkey","volume":"73","author":"Zeyrek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4367","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44100300","article-title":"A systematic review on suitability of molecular techniques for diagnosis and research into infectious diseases of concern in resource-limited settings","volume":"44","author":"Yalley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2859-8","article-title":"Real-time PCR applications for diagnosis of leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185606","article-title":"Real-time PCR in detection and quantitation of Leishmania donovani for the diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis patients and the monitoring of their response to treatment","volume":"12","author":"Hossain","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy234","article-title":"Evaluation of real-time PCR for diagnosis of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in endemic foci of Bangladesh","volume":"5","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-024-00762-6","article-title":"Advances and challenges in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050990","article-title":"Development of a highly sensitive nested PCR and its application for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka","volume":"10","author":"De Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-021-05654-0","article-title":"A comparative study of nested-PCR and direct agglutination test (DAT) for the detection of Leishmania infantum infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic domestic dogs","volume":"14","author":"Yimam Ayene","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4180-3","article-title":"A highly sensitive modified nested PCR to enhance case detection in leishmaniasis","volume":"19","author":"Deepachandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05524-z","article-title":"Laboratory diagnostics for human Leishmania infections: a polymerase chain reaction-focussed review of detection and identification methods","volume":"15","author":"Gow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007698","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): an advanced molecular point-of-care technique for the detection of Leishmania infection","volume":"13","author":"Nzelu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4038\/cmj.v61i2.8286","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay as a sensitive diagnostic tool for Leishmania donovani infections in Sri Lanka","volume":"61","author":"Kothalawala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceylon Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006264","article-title":"Sensitive and less invasive confirmatory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)","volume":"12","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111632","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis: current and future methods","volume":"8","author":"Reim\u00e3o","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib125","first-page":"200","article-title":"Spotlight on leishmaniasis research: insights from the special issue \u201cemerging topics in leishmaniasis research,\u201d","volume":"9","author":"Maruyama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trav. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2024.102863","article-title":"A review on potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of leishmaniasis","volume":"100","author":"Sheikh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.345944","article-title":"New developments in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"15","author":"Dinc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Tropical Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14919","article-title":"Treatment options for leishmaniasis","volume":"47","author":"Pradhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15010099","article-title":"Liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of leishmaniasis: from the identification of critical physicochemical attributes to the design of effective topical and oral formulations","volume":"15","author":"Fr\u00e9zard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.700323","article-title":"A pilot randomized clinical trial: oral miltefosine and pentavalent antimonials associated with pentoxifylline for the treatment of American tegumentary leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2018.1472241","article-title":"Emerging therapeutic targets for treatment of leishmaniasis","volume":"22","author":"Sundar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib132","series-title":"Biomaterials and Bionanotechnology","first-page":"263","article-title":"Novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of leishmaniasis","author":"Soni","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5289","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S140363","article-title":"Nanostructured delivery systems with improved leishmanicidal activity: a critical review","volume":"12","author":"Bruni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105595","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles as a novel formulation approach for tanespimycin (17-AAG) against leishmania infections: preparation, characterization and macrophage uptake","volume":"211","author":"Pires","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib135","article-title":"A review of current treatments strategies based on paromomycin for leishmaniasis","volume":"57","author":"Matos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110720","article-title":"Liposome-based nanocarrier loaded with a new quinoxaline derivative for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"110","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2018.5281","article-title":"Formulation and characterisation of a self\u2010nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of amphotericin B for the treatment of leishmaniasis","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.47665\/tb.39.4.003","article-title":"Efficacy of pentamidine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles as a novel drug delivery system for Leishmania tropica","volume":"39","author":"K","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.05.019","article-title":"Nano-Leish-IL: a novel iron oxide-based nanocomposite drug platform for effective treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"335","author":"Kannan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Contr. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105256","article-title":"Nano-elastic liposomes as multidrug carrier of sodium stibogluconate and ketoconazole: a potential new approach for the topical treatment of cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"145","author":"Dar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmaceut. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2020.1815495","article-title":"Polyelectrolytic gelatin nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for the promastigote form of Leishmania amazonensis treatment","volume":"32","author":"de Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2019-0320","article-title":"Rifampicin-loaded nanotransferosomal gel for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: passive targeting via topical route","volume":"15","author":"Rabia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1080\/10826068.2021.1885045","article-title":"A novel delivery of curcumin by the efficient nanoliposomal approach against Leishmania major","volume":"51","author":"Fattahi Bafghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2019.1659243","article-title":"Recent advances in amphotericin B delivery strategies for the treatment of leishmaniases","volume":"16","author":"Lanza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expet Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ416","article-title":"Treatment of disseminated leishmaniasis with liposomal amphotericin B","volume":"61","author":"Machado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00048-18","article-title":"Recent development of visceral leishmaniasis treatments: successes, pitfalls, and perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Alves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1086\/591972","article-title":"New treatment approach in Indian visceral leishmaniasis: single\u2010dose liposomal amphotericin B followed by short\u2010course oral miltefosine","volume":"47","author":"Sundar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.10.008","article-title":"Ambisome plus miltefosine for Indian patients with kala-azar","volume":"105","author":"Sundar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.700","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of high-dose infusions of a preformed amphotericin B fat emulsion for treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"80","author":"Sundar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003169","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B emulsion versus liposomal formulation in Indian patients with visceral leishmaniasis: a randomized, open-label study","volume":"8","author":"Sundar","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/656523","article-title":"Efficacy of topical liposomal amphotericin B versus intralesional meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"2011","author":"Layegh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120761","article-title":"Nanotechnology-aided diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leishmaniasis","volume":"605","author":"Kammona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009062","article-title":"Exploring the influence of different habitats and their volatile chemistry in modulating sand fly population structure in a leishmaniasis endemic foci, Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Hassaballa","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14772-8","article-title":"Design and evaluation of two educational media in the form of animation and games to promote the cutaneous leishmaniasis prevention behaviors in adolescent female","volume":"22","author":"Alidosti","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102118","article-title":"Rickettsioses in Colombia during the 20th century: a historical review","volume":"14","author":"Cu\u00e9llar-S\u00e1enz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8573","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507782112","article-title":"DDT-based indoor residual spraying suboptimal for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India","volume":"112","author":"Coleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib157","author":"Boakye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000342","article-title":"Addressing challenges in vector control: a review of current strategies and the imperative for novel tools in India's combat against vector-borne diseases","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67470-3","article-title":"Field evaluation of a volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent and etofenprox treated clothing for outdoor protection against forest malaria vectors in Cambodia","volume":"14","author":"Vajda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14050405","article-title":"Mosquito blood feeding prevention using an extra-low DC voltage charged cloth","volume":"14","author":"Luan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0226","article-title":"Exposure to N,N-Diethyl-Meta-Toluamide insect repellent and human health markers: population based estimates from the national health and nutrition examination survey","volume":"103","author":"Haleem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208613","article-title":"Effectiveness of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars on the incidence of canine infection by Leishmania infantum: a large scale intervention study in an endemic area in Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Coura-Vital","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib163","series-title":"Challenges and Solutions against Visceral 7Leishmaniasis","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2016.11.012","article-title":"Leishmania infections: molecular targets and diagnosis","volume":"57","author":"Akhoundi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1552","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00225-0","article-title":"Paving the way for affordable and equitable liposomal amphotericin B access worldwide","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.01.057","article-title":"Vaccine value profile for leishmaniasis","volume":"41","author":"Kaye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006277","article-title":"Validation of rK39 immunochromatographic test and direct agglutination test for the diagnosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis in Spain","volume":"12","author":"Bangert","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106661","article-title":"A drug of choice for Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"235","author":"Kumari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106260","article-title":"Anti-Leishmania activity of artesunate and combination effects with amphotericin B against Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis in vitro","volume":"226","author":"Intakhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib170","first-page":"11","article-title":"Lipsosomal amphotericin B: a review of its properties, function, and use for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis&lt","volume":"10","author":"Shirzadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Trop. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib171","series-title":"Liposomes in Drug Delivery","first-page":"363","article-title":"Liposomes for infectious diseases","author":"Gkartziou","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c09400","article-title":"Genomic insight of leishmania parasite: in-depth review of drug resistance mechanisms and genetic mutations","author":"Bharadava","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109591","article-title":"Insights into the drug screening approaches in leishmaniasis","volume":"114","author":"Gopu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2021-0094","article-title":"Potential molecular targets of leishmania pathways in developing novel antileishmanials","volume":"17","author":"Ramu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib175","series-title":"Medicinal Chemistry of Chemotherapeutic Agents","first-page":"431","article-title":"Drugs for giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and leishmaniasis","author":"Jain","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.08.016","article-title":"Immunoliposomes containing Soluble Leishmania Antigens (SLA) as a novel antigen delivery system in murine model of leishmaniasis","volume":"146","author":"Eskandari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12357","article-title":"Topical liposomal azithromycin in the treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"29","author":"Rajabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006653","article-title":"A phase II study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical 3% amphotericin B cream (Anfoleish) for the treatment of uncomplicated cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia","volume":"12","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401025002608?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401025002608?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T21:14:36Z","timestamp":1769202876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401025002608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":178,"alternative-id":["S0882401025002608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Comprehensive insights into leishmaniasis: From etiopathogenesis to a novel therapeutic approach","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbial Pathogenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107535","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107535"}}