{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:34:00Z","timestamp":1790102040287,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":203,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:43:52Z","timestamp":1759538632000},"page":"108087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The gut-lung axis in tuberculosis: A new frontier in immunomodulation and microbiota-directed therapeutic strategies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"209","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3636-8257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divya","family":"Nasare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6767-7556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shashikant","family":"Bagade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib1","series-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2025.2458447","article-title":"How could emerging nanomedicine-based tuberculosis treatments outperform conventional approaches?","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomedicine (Lond)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00431","article-title":"Microbiome and human health: current understanding, engineering, and enabling technologies","volume":"123","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051716","article-title":"Gut Microbiota, in the halfway between nutrition and lung function","volume":"13","author":"Esp\u00edrito Santo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2023.06.013","article-title":"Targeting gut microbiota and metabolism as the major probiotic mechanism - an evidence-based review","volume":"138","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib6","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis: pathogenesis, diseases, prevention, and therapy","volume":"2020","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202206-1066TR","article-title":"The bidirectional gut-lung axis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"207","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319382","article-title":"Amoxicillin-induced bacterial gut dysbiosis decreases IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 expression but exacerbate lung inflammatory response against mycobacterium bovis-Bacille calmette-gu\u00e9rin (BCG)","volume":"20","author":"Miyauchi-Tavares","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4","article-title":"Microbiota in health and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Targeted Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25074051","article-title":"Microbiota and immunity during respiratory infections: Lung and gut affair","volume":"25","author":"Marrella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L65","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00421.2020","article-title":"Lung immune tone via gut-lung axis: gut-derived LPS and short-chain fatty acids' immunometabolic regulation of lung IL-1\u03b2, FFAR2, and FFAR3 expression","volume":"321","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13932","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of the gut microbiota shifts host tryptophan metabolism and increases the susceptibility of mice to pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa","author":"de Brito","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10826","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c00798","article-title":"Microbial dysbiosis in the lung and gut in response to inhalable particulate matters in pneumoconiosis patients and animals","volume":"59","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03636-x","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and immune response to tuberculosis","volume":"39","author":"Carabal\u00ed-Isajar","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12413-z","article-title":"In vitro anti-tuberculosis effect of probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PMC203 isolated from vaginal microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Rahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.673100","article-title":"Antituberculosis therapy and gut microbiota: review of potential host microbiota directed-therapies","volume":"11","author":"Diallo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/29933935.2025.2490092","article-title":"Synbiotic combination of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and lactulose improves the presenteeism of healthy adults associated with aromatic lactic acids - a single-arm, open-label study","volume":"2","author":"Mishima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes. Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.151960","article-title":"Structural enzymological studies of the long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase FadD5 from the mce1 operon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"769","author":"Rahman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib19","article-title":"Disorders of gut microbiota and fecal-serum metabolic patterns are associated with pulmonary tuberculosis and pulmonary tuberculosis comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.102840","article-title":"The potential role of probiotics and their bioactive compounds in the management of pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"18","author":"Memariani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1936359","article-title":"Targeting autophagy in disease: established and new strategies","volume":"18","author":"Kocak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2017.04.008","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of action, resistance, detection to the first-line anti tuberculosis drugs: rifampicin and pyrazinamide in the post whole genome sequencing era","volume":"105","author":"Nusrath Unissa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03370-4","article-title":"The gut microbiome in tuberculosis susceptibility and treatment response: guilty or not guilty?","volume":"77","author":"Eribo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2021.05.009","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplant, its usefulness beyond Clostridioides difficile in gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"45","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.05.006","article-title":"Relationship between the microbiome and ocular health","volume":"17","author":"Cavuoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284821994736","article-title":"Gut microbiome and Clostridioides difficile infection: a closer look at the microscopic interface","volume":"14","author":"Sehgal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.943545","article-title":"Drug resistant tuberculosis: implications for transmission, diagnosis, and disease management","volume":"12","author":"Liebenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2024.105432","article-title":"The impact of anti-tuberculosis treatment on respiratory tract microbiome in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"27","author":"Hazra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-021-02482-0","article-title":"The influence of the gut microbiome on BCG-Induced trained immunity","volume":"22","author":"Stra\u017ear","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01354-4","article-title":"Parenteral BCG vaccine induces lung-resident memory macrophages and trained immunity via the gut-lung axis","volume":"23","author":"Jeyanathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2024.12.002","article-title":"Friends to remember: innate immune memory regulation by the microbiota","volume":"33","author":"Pellon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1606626","article-title":"Probiotic peptidoglycan skeleton enhances vaccine efficacy against MRSA by inducing trained immunity via the TLR2\/JAK-STAT3 pathway","volume":"16","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2021.09.006","article-title":"The effects of probiotics on inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis progression: a mechanistic overview","volume":"31","author":"Mahdavi-Roshan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib34","series-title":"The Theory of Endobiogeny","first-page":"77","article-title":"Chapter 6 - disorders of dysbiosis","author":"Hedayat","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib35","article-title":"Microbiota and tuberculosis: a potential role of probiotics, and postbiotics","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1237998","article-title":"The microbiome and the gut-lung axis in tuberculosis: interplay in the course of disease and treatment","volume":"14","author":"Alvarado-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00323","article-title":"Lung microbiota: its relationship to respiratory system diseases and approaches for lung-targeted probiotic bacteria delivery","volume":"20","author":"Yuksel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22124","article-title":"Alterations in the intestinal microbiota associated with active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127047","article-title":"Interaction between gut microbiota dysbiosis and lung infection as gut-lung axis caused by Streptococcus suis in mouse model","volume":"261","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib40","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei improve anti-tuberculosis drugs-induced intestinal adverse reactions in rat by modulating gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2025.102652","article-title":"Gut bacterial diversity in bovines infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis: insights on tuberculosis pathogenesis","volume":"153","author":"Cerva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-024-00794-z","article-title":"Exploring the potential of lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus PMC203 in inducing autophagy to reduce the burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"213","author":"Rahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib43","first-page":"66","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei modulates inflammatory cytokines and metabolites during tuberculosis treatment: a post hoc randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00615-21","article-title":"Gut mycobiota dysbiosis in pulmonary tuberculosis patients undergoing anti-tuberculosis treatment","volume":"9","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2029997","article-title":"The gut microbiota mediates protective immunity against tuberculosis via modulation of lncRNA","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44854-5","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition and diversity before, during, and two months after rifamycin-based tuberculosis preventive therapy","volume":"13","author":"S\u00e9raphin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02312-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition can reflect immune responses of latent tuberculosis infection in patients with poorly controlled diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5589","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S372122","article-title":"The Relevance of Host Gut Microbiome Signature Alterations on de novo Fatty Acids Synthesis in Patients with Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171294","article-title":"Pilot, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the supplement food nyaditum resae\u00ae in adults with or without latent TB infection: safety and immunogenicity","volume":"12","author":"Montan\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00812-24","article-title":"Alterations in purine and pyrimidine metabolism associated with latent tuberculosis infection: insights from gut microbiome and metabolomics analyses","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13761","article-title":"Characteristic gut microbiota and metabolic changes in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00822","article-title":"Alternation of gut microbiota in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-023-00880-4","article-title":"The causal impact of the gut microbiota on respiratory tuberculosis susceptibility","volume":"12","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1090889","article-title":"The correlation between dysfunctional intestinal flora and pathology feature of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2016.1176988","article-title":"Gut-lung axis: the microbial contributions and clinical implications","volume":"43","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113810","article-title":"Gut microbiota: a new insight into lung diseases","volume":"155","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02652-7","article-title":"Causal relationship between gut microbiota and tuberculosis: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"25","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib58","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota and tuberculosis: insights from Mendelian randomization","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03275-8","article-title":"Gut bacterial and fungal dysbiosis in tuberculosis patients","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02698-5","article-title":"Bacteriomes in lesions of pulmonary tuberculosis and its association with status of Mycobacterium tuberculosis excretion","volume":"22","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1098386","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota in infectious and inflammatory diseases","volume":"14","author":"Maciel-Fiuza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0160-6","article-title":"Microbes, metabolites, and the gut-lung axis","volume":"12","author":"Dang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.03.017","article-title":"Genetic factors and the intestinal microbiome guide development of microbe-based therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"156","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13195","article-title":"Respiratory microbiome and epithelial interactions shape immunity in the lungs","volume":"160","author":"Invernizzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/791392","article-title":"The role of airway epithelial cells in response to mycobacteria infection","volume":"2012","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1260859","article-title":"Early innate cell interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in protection and pathology of tuberculosis","volume":"14","author":"Sankar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.52551","article-title":"Identification of scavenger receptor B1 as the airway microfold cell receptor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114586","article-title":"Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and modulation of host-derived peptides formation: focused on host defense peptides","volume":"162","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01673-0","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides modulate lung injury by altering the intestinal microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Abdelgawad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2023.1093800","article-title":"Beyond allergic progression: from molecules to microbes as barrier modulators in the gut-lung axis functionality","volume":"4","author":"Parr\u00f3n-Ballesteros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05376-4","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived acetate attenuates lung injury induced by influenza infection via protecting airway tight junctions","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57251-3","article-title":"Bile acid metabolites enhance expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide in airway epithelium through activation of the TGR5-ERK1\/2 pathway","volume":"14","author":"Myszor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01293-2021","article-title":"R othia mucilaginosa is an anti-inflammatory bacterium in the respiratory tract of patients with chronic lung disease","volume":"59","author":"Rigauts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.747799","article-title":"Macrophage: a cell with many faces and functions in tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.74","article-title":"The alveolar macrophages in asthma: a double-edged sword","volume":"5","author":"Balhara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib76","article-title":"Macrophage polarization: an important role in inflammatory diseases","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.8879","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in inflammatory diseases","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00438","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and innate responses in a new model of lung alveolar macrophages","volume":"9","author":"Woo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.08.001","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages provide an early Mycobacterium tuberculosis niche and initiate dissemination","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116291","article-title":"The characteristics of the gut microbiota in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review","volume":"109","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309728","article-title":"The gut microbiota plays a protective role in the host defence against pneumococcal pneumonia","volume":"65","author":"Schuijt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2020.05.020","article-title":"Pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0147-3","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis compromises alveolar macrophage immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.01.002","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota programming of alveolar macrophages influences severity of respiratory viral infection","volume":"32","author":"Ngo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0053-2024","article-title":"Macrophages and the microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"33","author":"Sandhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2021-0515OC","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota-derived propionic acid protects against zinc oxide nanoparticle-induced lung injury","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00840-2022","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived succinate aggravates acute lung injury after intestinal ischaemia\/reperfusion in mice","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01452-1","article-title":"Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Targeted Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.891878","article-title":"Pathological and protective roles of dendritic cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: interaction between host immune responses and pathogen evasion","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.10.290","article-title":"Dendritic cells\u2014At the front-line of pathogen attack","volume":"128","author":"McCullough","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2015.11.006","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE27 activates dendritic cells and contributes to Th1-polarized memory immune responses during in vivo infection","volume":"221","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2007.10.004","article-title":"Dendritic cells and cytokines in human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases","volume":"19","author":"Blanco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.22586","article-title":"The role of dendritic cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"3","author":"Mihret","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27125","article-title":"Microbiota substances modulate dendritic cells activity: a critical view","volume":"10","author":"Shvets","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2290643","article-title":"The impact of aging-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis on dendritic cells and lung diseases","volume":"15","author":"Malik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.602067","article-title":"S-Layer from Lactobacillus brevis modulates antigen-presenting cell functions via the Mincle-Syk-Card9 axis","volume":"12","author":"Prado Acosta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01142","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulates mincle mediated activation of lung dendritic cells to protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Negi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2006.05.002","article-title":"Natural killer cells as an initial defense against pathogens","volume":"18","author":"Lodoen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01416","article-title":"Natural killer cells in the lungs","volume":"10","author":"Cong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03167.x","article-title":"Natural killer cells in infection and inflammation of the lung","volume":"128","author":"Culley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0036-2023","article-title":"Natural killer cells in the lung: potential role in asthma and virus-induced exacerbation?","volume":"32","author":"Lepretre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00961","article-title":"Human gut-associated natural killer cells in health and disease","volume":"10","author":"Poggi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10758-0","article-title":"Elucidating the critical role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia: insights from a Mendelian randomization analysis mediated by immune cell","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.88038","article-title":"Potential mechanisms underlying inhibition of xenograft lung cancer models by kaempferol: modulation of gut microbiota in activating immune cell function","volume":"15","author":"Guan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10942","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum induces innate cytokine responses that potentially provide a protective benefit against COVID-19: a single-arm, double-blind, prospective trial combined with an in vitro cytokine response assay","volume":"23","author":"Kageyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax6624","article-title":"MAIT cells are imprinted by the microbiota in early life and promote tissue repair","volume":"366","author":"Constantinides","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106985","article-title":"MAIT cell activation is reduced by direct and microbiota-mediated exposure to bisphenols","volume":"158","author":"Krause","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-0332-4","article-title":"MAIT cell-directed therapy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"14","author":"Sakai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12111343","article-title":"Current perspectives and challenges of MAIT cell-directed therapy for tuberculosis infection","volume":"12","author":"Chengalroyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03823-w","article-title":"Human lung-resident mucosal-associated invariant T cells are abundant, express antimicrobial proteins, and are cytokine responsive","volume":"5","author":"Meermeier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2024.105432","article-title":"The impact of anti-tuberculosis treatment on respiratory tract microbiome in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"27","author":"Hazra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e913","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00191-X","article-title":"Effect of seven anti-tuberculosis treatment regimens on sputum microbiome: a retrospective analysis of the HIGHRIF study 2 and PanACEA MAMS-TB clinical trials","volume":"4","author":"Musisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02781-18","article-title":"Gut microbiota metabolite indole propionic acid targets tryptophan biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Negatu","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00053","article-title":"Long-term effects of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment on gut microbiota and its health consequences","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib116","article-title":"Natural killer cells regulate pulmonary macrophages polarization in host defense against chlamydial respiratory infection","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib117","first-page":"2656","article-title":"The host microbiota contributes to early protection against lung colonization by","volume":"9","author":"Dumas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13068","article-title":"Systemic proinflammation after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was correlated to the gut microbiome in HIV-uninfected humans","volume":"49","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00321-21","article-title":"The intestinal commensal, Bacteroides fragilis, modulates host responses to viral infection and therapy: lessons for exploration during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"90","author":"Eribo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1127916","article-title":"Effects of second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs on the intestinal microbiota of patients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib121","article-title":"The role of B cells in COVID-19 infection and vaccination","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1446072","article-title":"Role of cellular effectors in the induction and maintenance of IgA responses leading to protective immunity against enteric bacterial pathogens","volume":"15","author":"Carreto-Binaghi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2023.101806","article-title":"B cells and the intestinal microbiome in time, space and place","volume":"69","author":"Pabst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13139","article-title":"B cell class switching in intestinal immunity in health and disease","volume":"95","author":"Fleming","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.033","article-title":"Circulating IgA\/IgG memory B cells against Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormancy-associated antigens Rv2659c and Rv3128c in active and latent tuberculosis","volume":"110","author":"Soe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.593353","article-title":"Gut microbiota and bacterial DNA suppress autoimmunity by stimulating regulatory B cells in a murine model of lupus","volume":"11","author":"Mu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.03.003","article-title":"Microbiota-derived metabolites suppress arthritis by amplifying aryl-hydrocarbon receptor activation in regulatory B cells","volume":"31","author":"Rosser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-103019-085803","article-title":"In vivo CD4(+) T cell differentiation and function: revisiting the Th1\/Th2 paradigm","volume":"38","author":"Ruterbusch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2024.102567","article-title":"Tuberculosis and T cells: impact of T cell diversity in tuberculosis infection","volume":"149","author":"Vats","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8071059","article-title":"Lung microbiome participation in local immune response regulation in respiratory diseases","volume":"8","author":"Lira-Lucio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.04.054","article-title":"Relation between lower respiratory tract microbiota and type of immune response against tuberculosis","volume":"120","author":"Nakhaee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001044","article-title":"A pulmonary Lactobacillus murinus strain induces Th17 and ROR\u03b3t(+) regulatory T cells and reduces lung inflammation in tuberculosis","volume":"207","author":"Bernard-Raichon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01273-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota influence immunotherapy responses: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert consensus document: the international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1216674","article-title":"Probiotics: mechanism of action, health benefits and their application in food industries","volume":"14","author":"Latif","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12951","article-title":"Host-directed therapy to combat mycobacterial infections","volume":"301","author":"Kilin\u00e7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13838","article-title":"Age-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis promotes the loss of dendritic cells tolerance","volume":"22","author":"Bashir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2340670","article-title":"The gut microbiota and respiratory diseases: new evidence","volume":"2020","author":"Chunxi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107274","article-title":"Anti-tuberculosis effect of microbiome therapeutic PMC205 in extensively drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in vivo","volume":"64","author":"Seo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1000517","article-title":"The promotion mechanism of prebiotics for probiotics: a review","volume":"9","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094834","article-title":"The role of prebiotics in modulating gut microbiota: implications for human health","volume":"25","author":"Yoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-023-00195-1","article-title":"Evaluating the prebiotic effect of oligosaccharides on gut microbiome wellness using in vitro fecal fermentation","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Sci. Food"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03337-3","article-title":"Study effect of probiotics and prebiotics on treatment of OVA-LPS-induced of allergic asthma inflammation and pneumonia by regulating the TLR4\/NF-kB signaling pathway","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7233","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4332","article-title":"The potential protective effects of probiotics, prebiotics, or yogurt on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from NHANES 2007-2012","volume":"12","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib145","article-title":"Propyl inulin nanoprebiotics as a synbiotic partner of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum for inhibiting pathogenic infection in a mouse model","volume":"10","author":"Jing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technol. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-022-05621-y","article-title":"Synbiotics as potent functional food: recent updates on therapeutic potential and mechanistic insight","volume":"61","author":"Yadav","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.112308","article-title":"Synbiotics of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 and lactulose enhances production of tryptophan metabolites in fermented human fecal communities","volume":"163","author":"Hashikura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1371064","article-title":"A synbiotic mixture of Bifidobacterium breve M16-V, oligosaccharides and pectin, enhances short chain fatty acid production and improves lung health in a preclinical model for pulmonary neutrophilia","volume":"11","author":"Bezemer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib149","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of bacillus, \u03b2-glucooligosaccharide and their synbiotic on the growth, digestion, immunity, and gut microbiota profile of abalone, haliotis discus hannai","volume":"35","author":"Cadangin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib150","article-title":"Targeting gut microbiota dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of current evidence","volume":"12","author":"Farah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-023-01531-3","article-title":"Targeting the gut-lung axis by synbiotic feeding to infants in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Sj\u00f6din","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2022.2112220","article-title":"Randomized double-blinded controlled trial on the effect of synbiotic supplementation on IL-17\/IL-23 pathway and disease activity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"45","author":"Ahangari Maleki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12733","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO01377K","article-title":"Effects of synbiotic supplementation on regulatory T cells' response in patients with axial spondyloarthritis: a randomized double-masked placebo-controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Khabbazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib154","article-title":"Bacteroides fragilis 839 ameliorates anti-tuberculosis drugs-induced liver injury by suppressing inflammation and regulating gut microbiota in mice","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1544055","article-title":"Gut microbiota characteristics in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and the therapeutic potential of probiotics in recovery","volume":"16","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib156","first-page":"401","article-title":"Oral probiotic extracellular vesicle therapy mitigates influenza A virus infection via blunting IL-17 signaling","volume":"45","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-00573-5","article-title":"Probiotics protect against RSV infection by modulating the microbiota-alveolar-macrophage axis","volume":"42","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107245","article-title":"Exploring the effects of lactulose on lung-intestinal tissue-associated factors and the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in COPD rats based on lung-gut axis theory","volume":"199","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-023-00988-3","article-title":"Qi-long-tian capsule alleviates pulmonary fibrosis development by modulating inflammatory response and gut microbiota","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Funct. Integr. Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.119305","article-title":"Effects and mechanism of combination of Platycodon grandiflorum polysaccharides and platycodon saponins in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease rats through the gut-lung axis","volume":"341","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05474-y","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived acetic acids promoted sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome by delaying neutrophil apoptosis through FABP4","volume":"81","author":"Xuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-023-02438-z","article-title":"Butyrate inhibits iILC2-mediated lung inflammation via lung-gut axis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)","volume":"23","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6263447","article-title":"Dietary fiber-derived microbial butyrate suppresses ILC2-Dependent airway inflammation in COPD","volume":"2024","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib164","first-page":"6713","article-title":"[mechanism of inflammatory microecological response to TAS2R14\/SIgA\/TSLP in regulating epithelial cell barrier in cold asthma rats through lung-gut axis by using shegan mahuang decoction and bitter and purging Chinese herbs]","volume":"49","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-024-01975-x","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates allergic rhinitis via CD4(+) T cell modulation through gut microbiota restoration","volume":"47","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib166","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates airway inflammation in asthmatic rats by increasing the level of short-chain fatty acids in the intestine","author":"Lai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092211","article-title":"Short-chain fatty-acid-producing bacteria: key components of the human gut microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Fusco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14648","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c05846","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) as a connecting link between microbiota and gut-lung Axis-A potential therapeutic intervention to improve lung health","volume":"9","author":"Verma","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00188-21","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids as a potential treatment for infections: a closer look at the lungs","volume":"89","author":"Machado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14015","article-title":"Gut microbiome contributes to impairment of immunity in pulmonary tuberculosis patients by alteration of butyrate and propionate producers","volume":"20","author":"Maji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061048","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis infection is associated with an enrichment of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in the stool of women living with HIV","volume":"12","author":"Moodley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2023.105271","article-title":"Butyrate induces oxidative burst mediated apoptosis via Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) in macrophages during mycobacterial infection","volume":"26","author":"Rana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-024-03834-7","article-title":"Butyrate's (A short-chain fatty acid) microbial synthesis, absorption, and preventive roles against colorectal and lung cancer","volume":"206","author":"Karim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123528","article-title":"Advancements in the study of short-chain fatty acids and their therapeutic effects on atherosclerosis","volume":"369","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-023-02349-5","article-title":"Production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as chemicals or substrates for microbes to obtain biochemicals","volume":"16","author":"Tom\u00e1s-Pej\u00f3","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib176","article-title":"Synthesis of short-chain-fatty-acid resveratrol esters and their antioxidant properties","volume":"10","author":"Tain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12091149","article-title":"Exploring the potential of fecal microbiota transplantation as a therapy in tuberculosis and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Boicean","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.jcrt_33_24","article-title":"The role of fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease","volume":"20","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103038","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: emerging applications in autoimmune diseases","volume":"141","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810729","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis and fecal microbiota transplantation in autoimmune diseases","volume":"23","author":"Belvoncikova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13233881","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation activity of Floccularia luteovirens polysaccharides and their protective effect on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression and intestinal injury in mice","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1442095","article-title":"Gut microbiota: a crucial player in the combat against tuberculosis","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10800-1","article-title":"Changes in gut microbiome following anti-tuberculosis treatment: a prospective cohort from eastern China","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.109679","article-title":"HgutMgene-Miner: in silico genome mining tool for deciphering the drug-metabolizing potential of human gut microbiome","volume":"186","author":"Amir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03275-8","article-title":"Gut bacterial and fungal dysbiosis in tuberculosis patients","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1512815","article-title":"The association between the gut microbiome and antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury","volume":"16","author":"Pei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-024-00759-7","article-title":"Current status of bacteriophage therapy for severe bacterial infections","volume":"12","author":"Sawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2390720","article-title":"Role of bacteriophages in shaping gut microbial community","volume":"16","author":"Mahmud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020735","article-title":"Mycobacteriophages as potential therapeutic agents against drug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"22","author":"Allu\u00e9-Guardia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06006-x","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections in humanized mice","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03474-3","article-title":"Antibacterial efficacy of mycobacteriophages against virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"24","author":"Jeyasankar","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases11040150","article-title":"Activity of bacteriophage D29 loaded on nanoliposomes against macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082474","article-title":"PHAGE-2 study: supplemental bacteriophages extend Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL04 benefits on gut health and microbiota in healthy adults","volume":"12","author":"Grubb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib194","article-title":"Unlocking the potential of the human microbiome for identifying disease diagnostic biomarkers","volume":"12","author":"Hajjo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3687","article-title":"Gut microbiota in patients with tuberculosis associated with different drug exposures of antituberculosis drugs","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06190-2","article-title":"Peripheral blood microbiome signature and mycobacterium tuberculosis-derived rsRNA as diagnostic biomarkers for tuberculosis in human","volume":"23","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2023.10.016","article-title":"The application of multi-omics in the respiratory microbiome: progresses, challenges and promises","volume":"21","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2412.12001","article-title":"Advancing gut microbiome research: the shift from metagenomics to multi-omics and future perspectives","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.34133\/bdr.0059","article-title":"Multiomics research: principles and challenges in integrated analysis","volume":"6","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biodes Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2023.117248","article-title":"Advances in the integration of metabolomics and metagenomics for human gut microbiome and their clinical applications","volume":"167","author":"Puig-Castellv\u00ed","year":"2023","journal-title":"TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1783188","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of the lung microbiome in pulmonary tuberculosis - a pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_159_23","article-title":"Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from tuberculous meningitis patients","volume":"12","author":"Krishnakumariamma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mycobacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114295","article-title":"Metabolite interactions between host and microbiota during health and disease: which feeds the other?","volume":"160","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401025008125?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401025008125?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T08:55:29Z","timestamp":1763369729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401025008125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":203,"alternative-id":["S0882401025008125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The gut-lung axis in tuberculosis: A new frontier in immunomodulation and microbiota-directed therapeutic strategies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbial Pathogenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108087","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108087"}}