{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T01:10:52Z","timestamp":1773882652310,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81828009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81828009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T15:54:32Z","timestamp":1762617272000},"page":"108169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Repurposing niclosamide for COVID-19: Synergistic strategies of nanotechnology and novel materials to enhance antiviral efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"210","author":[{"given":"Haichuan","family":"Rong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junyi","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qifeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haijun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenshuang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7304-1610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guiling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib1","article-title":"Universal health coverage and preparedness payoffs: global COVID-19 vaccination rates","volume":"13","author":"Rasooly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib2","series-title":"World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines: 21St List 2019","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib3","series-title":"Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology","first-page":"67","article-title":"Niclosamide: comprehensive profile","author":"Al-Hadiya","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/2211016a0","article-title":"Mechanism of action of reagents that uncouple oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"221","author":"Weinbach","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416116","article-title":"Niclosamide as a promising therapeutic player in human cancer and other diseases","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00051","article-title":"Drug repurposing: the anthelmintics niclosamide and nitazoxanide are potent TMEM16A antagonists that fully bronchodilate airways","volume":"10","author":"Miner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00003","article-title":"TMEM16A in cystic fibrosis: activating or inhibiting?","volume":"10","author":"Kunzelmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.128414","article-title":"Niclosamide repurposed for the treatment of inflammatory airway disease","volume":"4","author":"Cabrita","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124595","article-title":"Repurposing salicylanilide anthelmintic drugs to combat drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"10","author":"Rajamuthiah","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14541","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c02845","article-title":"Insight into preventing global dengue spread: nanoengineered niclosamide for viral infections","volume":"24","author":"Rejinold","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202410345","article-title":"Transforming niclosamide through nanotechnology: a promising approach for long COVID management","volume":"21","author":"Rejinold","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00819-20","article-title":"Identification of antiviral drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2 from FDA-approved drugs","volume":"64","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.7.2693-2696.2004","article-title":"Inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication by niclosamide","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13120443","article-title":"FDA-approved drugs with potent in vitro antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2","volume":"13","author":"Mostafa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib15","article-title":"In vitro evaluation and mitigation of niclosamide's liabilities as a COVID-19 treatment","volume":"10","author":"Wotring","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260958","article-title":"Niclosamide shows strong antiviral activity in a human airway model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and a conserved potency against the alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351) and Delta variant (B.1.617.2)","volume":"16","author":"Weiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2020.11.1.02","article-title":"Identification of coronavirus isolated from a patient in Korea with COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osong Publ. Health Res. Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15843","article-title":"Niclosamide-A promising treatment for COVID-19","volume":"179","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009706","article-title":"Strategies to target SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection using dual mechanisms of inhibition by acidification inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Prabhakara","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2016.152","article-title":"Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein reveal a prerequisite conformational state for receptor binding","volume":"27","author":"Gui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2023.02.002","article-title":"Role of vitamin D, ACE2 and the proteases as TMPRSS2 and furin on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and COVID-19 severity","volume":"54","author":"Ortatatli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7269","article-title":"A highly conserved cryptic epitope in the receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV","volume":"368","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.12.028","article-title":"Unexpected receptor functional mimicry elucidates activation of coronavirus fusion","volume":"176","author":"Walls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2180-5","article-title":"Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor","volume":"581","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2665-2","article-title":"Structures and distributions of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins on intact virions","volume":"588","author":"Ke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.3390\/v4061011","article-title":"Mechanisms of coronavirus cell entry mediated by the viral spike protein","volume":"4","author":"Belouzard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.018","article-title":"Molecular architecture of the SARS-CoV-2 virus","volume":"183","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd5223","article-title":"In situ structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike reveals flexibility mediated by three hinges","volume":"370","author":"Turo\u0148ov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.576622","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein biosynthesis, structure, function, and antigenicity: implications for the design of spike-based vaccine immunogens","volume":"11","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17371-6","article-title":"Cryo-EM analysis of the post-fusion structure of the SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4251","article-title":"Distinct conformational states of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein","volume":"369","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2179-y","article-title":"Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"581","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.045","article-title":"Structural and functional basis of SARS-CoV-2 entry by using human ACE2","volume":"181","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib38","article-title":"Virus-free and live-cell visualizing SARS-CoV-2 cell entry for studies of neutralizing antibodies and compound inhibitors","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100306","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infects cells after viral entry via clathrin-mediated endocytosis","volume":"296","author":"Bayati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd2985","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity","volume":"370","author":"Cantuti-Castelvetri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002976","article-title":"Niclosamide is a proton carrier and targets acidic endosomes with broad antiviral effects","volume":"8","author":"Jurgeit","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2020.101297","article-title":"Evaluating the potency of Sulawesi propolis compounds as ACE-2 inhibitors through molecular docking for COVID-19 drug discovery preliminary study","volume":"33","author":"Khayrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.173899","article-title":"Association of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin type II blockers with ACE2 overexpression in COVID-19 comorbidities: a pathway-based analytical study","volume":"896","author":"Parit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109765","article-title":"Plausible mechanisms of niclosamide as an antiviral agent against COVID-19","volume":"140","author":"Pindiprolu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib45","article-title":"Screening potential drugs for COVID-19 based on bound nuclear norm regularization","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2023.104654","article-title":"In silico study of novel niclosamide derivatives, SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural proteins catalytic residue-targeting small molecules drug candidates","volume":"16","author":"Lawal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03491-6","article-title":"Drugs that inhibit TMEM16 proteins block SARS-CoV-2 spike-induced syncytia","volume":"594","author":"Braga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib48","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein activates TMEM16F-mediated platelet procoagulant activity","volume":"9","author":"Cappelletto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2022.114295","article-title":"Design, synthesis and biological evaluations of niclosamide analogues against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"235","author":"Juang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2009.03280.x","article-title":"HAb18G (CD147), a cancer-associated biomarker and its role in cancer detection","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00647-21","article-title":"Human basigin (CD147) does not directly interact with SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","volume":"6","author":"Ragotte","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9060658","article-title":"Brain-Specific gene expression and quantitative traits association analysis for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"9","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11072019","article-title":"Repurposing niclosamide as a novel anti-SARS-Cov-2 drug by restricting entry protein CD147","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2024.107973","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel AAK1\/HDACs dual inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 entry","volume":"153","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2023.115923","article-title":"Targeting SARS-CoV-2 entry processes: the promising potential and future of host-targeted small-molecule inhibitors","volume":"263","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27185988","article-title":"In silico study towards repositioning of FDA-approved drug candidates for anticoronaviral therapy: molecular docking, molecular dynamics and binding free energy calculations","volume":"27","author":"Qayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.06.025","article-title":"Survival, risk factors, and effect of treatment in 101 patients with calciphylaxis","volume":"91","author":"McCarthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2021.09.016","article-title":"S-acylation controls SARS-CoV-2 membrane lipid organization and enhances infectivity","volume":"56","author":"Mesquita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101112","article-title":"S-acylation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: mechanistic dissection, in vitro reconstitution and role in viral infectivity","volume":"297","author":"Puthenveetil","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.1004036","article-title":"Cytoplasmic tail determines the membrane trafficking and localization of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27339","article-title":"Palmitoylation of SARS-CoV-2 S protein is critical for S-mediated syncytia formation and virus entry","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2019.09.014","article-title":"A ZDHHC5-GOLGA7 protein acyltransferase complex promotes nonapoptotic cell death","volume":"26","author":"Ko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10136","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306124200","article-title":"Coronavirus replication complex formation utilizes components of cellular autophagy","volume":"279","author":"Prentice","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3818","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24007-w","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-mediated dysregulation of metabolism and autophagy uncovers host-targeting antivirals","volume":"12","author":"Gassen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1251065","article-title":"Niclosamide as a chemical probe for analyzing SARS-CoV-2 modulation of host cell lipid metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Garrett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13659-4","article-title":"SKP2 attenuates autophagy through Beclin1-ubiquitination and its inhibition reduces MERS-coronavirus infection","volume":"10","author":"Gassen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo5400","article-title":"Identification of immunomodulatory drugs that inhibit multiple inflammasomes and impair SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"8","author":"de Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2021.122862","article-title":"Bioanalysis of niclosamide in plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass and application to pharmacokinetics in rats and dogs","volume":"1179","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr., B: Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib69","article-title":"Optimisation and validation of a sensitive bioanalytical method for niclosamide","author":"Arshad","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.44942","article-title":"Efficacy of niclosamide vs placebo in SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral clearance, viral shedding, and duration of symptoms among patients with mild to moderate COVID-19: a phase 2 randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Cairns","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4197-9","article-title":"Phase II trial to investigate the safety and efficacy of orally applied niclosamide in patients with metachronous or sychronous metastases of a colorectal cancer progressing after therapy: the NIKOLO trial","volume":"18","author":"Burock","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.e14536","article-title":"Niclosamide a new chemotherapy agent? Pharmacokinetics of the potential anticancer drug in a patient cohort of the NIKOLO trial","volume":"36","author":"Burock","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8993","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7113","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of a nanoformulated antihelminthic, niclosamide, in ovarian cancer","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib74","first-page":"1635","article-title":"A nanohybrid system for taste masking of sildenafil","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9111547","article-title":"Effects of hybridized organically modified montmorillonite and cellulose nanocrystals on rheological properties and thermal stability of K-Carrageenan bio-nanocomposite","volume":"9","author":"Zakuwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.101","article-title":"Curcumin-loaded chitosan\/carboxymethyl starch\/montmorillonite bio-nanocomposite for reduction of dental bacterial biofilm formation","volume":"105","author":"Jahanizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13071044","article-title":"Niclosamide-clay intercalate coated with nonionic polymer for enhanced bioavailability toward COVID-19 treatment","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2015.059","article-title":"The Effect of tween 20, 60, and 80 on dissolution behavior of sprionolactone in solid dispersions prepared by PEG 6000","volume":"5","author":"Akbari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmaceut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-015-0171-8","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory effects of lysozyme against HMGB1 in human endothelial cells and in mice","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246803","article-title":"Development and evaluation of inhalable composite niclosamide-lysozyme particles: a broad-spectrum, patient-adaptable treatment for coronavirus infections and sequalae","volume":"16","author":"Brunaugh","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.120359","article-title":"Estimating thermodynamic equilibrium solubility and solute-solvent interactions of niclosamide in eight mono-solvents at different temperatures","volume":"367","author":"Bhanushali","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031085","article-title":"Airway delivery of hydrogel-encapsulated niclosamide for the treatment of inflammatory airway disease","volume":"23","author":"Ousingsawat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.112063","article-title":"Injectable niclosamide nanohybrid as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 strategy","volume":"208","author":"Rejinold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/10611860310001595238","article-title":"Bovine serum albumin modified the intracellular distribution and improved the antiviral activity of an oligonucleotide","volume":"11","author":"Arnedo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14050486","article-title":"Hydrotalcite-niclosamide nanohybrid as oral formulation towards SARS-CoV-2 viral infections","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2019.105434","article-title":"Bone tissue engineering electrospun scaffolds based on layered double hydroxides with the ability to release vitamin D3: fabrication, characterization and in vitro study","volume":"185","author":"Belgheisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9101404","article-title":"Functional layered double hydroxide nanohybrids for biomedical Imaging","volume":"9","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1679","article-title":"Recent progress in layered double hydroxides as a cancer theranostic nanoplatform","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2018.01.007","article-title":"Emerging nanomaterials with advanced drug delivery functions; focused on methotrexate delivery","volume":"359","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5044","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SC06724E","article-title":"Inorganic-inorganic nanohybrids for drug delivery, imaging and photo-therapy: recent developments and future scope","volume":"12","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.09.039","article-title":"Inorganic-polymer nanohybrid carrier for delivery of a poorly-soluble drug, ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"402","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.20190270","article-title":"2-Dimensional nanomaterials with imaging and diagnostic functions for nanomedicine; A review","volume":"93","author":"Eom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/dj7030087","article-title":"Layered double hydroxide fluoride release in dental applications: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Hoxha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5583","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB01312A","article-title":"Layered double hydroxide nanostructures and nanocomposites for biomedical applications","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib95","article-title":"Drug delivery: highly condensed boron cage cluster anions in 2D carrier and its enhanced antitumor efficiency for boron neutron capture therapy","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater. 27\/2018). Advanced Functional Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4582","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201510844","article-title":"Biodegradable inorganic nanovector: passive versus active tumor targeting in siRNA transportation","volume":"55","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201600761","article-title":"Theranostic bioabsorbable bone fixation plate with drug-layered double hydroxide nanohybrids","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s42860-021-00153-6","article-title":"Niclosamide-exfoliated anionic clay nanohybrid repurposed as an antiviral drug for tackling Covid-19; oral formulation with tween 60\/Eudragit S100","volume":"69","author":"Rejinold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clays Clay Miner."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.225","article-title":"Electrospun tetracycline hydrochloride loaded zein\/gum tragacanth\/poly lactic acid nanofibers for biomedical application","volume":"165","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36040","article-title":"Zein-based composites in biomedical applications","volume":"105","author":"Demir","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.09.023","article-title":"Design, fabrication and biomedical applications of zein-based nano\/micro-carrier systems","volume":"513","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.02.006","article-title":"Fabrication, characterization and biomedical application of two-nozzle electrospun polycaprolactone\/zein-calcium lactate composite nonwoven mat","volume":"60","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22438","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151222438","article-title":"Recent advances in food-packing, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of zein and zein-based materials","volume":"15","author":"Corradini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2021.111394","article-title":"Niclosamide encapsulated in mesoporous silica and geopolymer: a potential oral formulation for COVID-19","volume":"326","author":"Piao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120701","article-title":"Niclosamide inhalation powder made by thin-film freezing: Multi-dose tolerability and exposure in rats and pharmacokinetics in hamsters","volume":"603","author":"Jara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2022.118168","article-title":"Spray freeze dried niclosamide nanocrystals embedded dry powder for high dose pulmonary delivery","volume":"415","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib107","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial of inhaled and intranasal niclosamide: a broad spectrum antiviral candidate for treatment of COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Backer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.02.041","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of cyclodextrin complexes for improved anticancer activity of repurposed drug: niclosamide","volume":"212","author":"Lodagekar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14143792","article-title":"Bovine serum albumin-coated niclosamide-zein nanoparticles as potential injectable medicine against COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Rejinold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/928728","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of zein and zein-chitosan microspheres with great prospective of application in controlled drug release","volume":"2011","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2021.102779","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of effectiveness and safety of niclosamide as add on therapy to the standard of care measures in COVID-19 management","volume":"69","author":"Abdulamir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401025008940?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401025008940?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T19:35:39Z","timestamp":1773862539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401025008940"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["S0882401025008940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Repurposing niclosamide for COVID-19: Synergistic strategies of nanotechnology and novel materials to enhance antiviral efficacy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbial Pathogenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108169","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108169"}}