{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:56:21Z","timestamp":1787590581997,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001503","name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001503","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T07:12:53Z","timestamp":1765782773000},"page":"108246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Clinicopathological and molecular characterization of Morbillivirus caprinae Lineage IV in PPR outbreak among small ruminants of Punjab"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"211","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0017-5153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashok","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harbir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Filia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajsukhbir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagmeet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.S.","family":"Bal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5958\/0976-4666.2016.00034.6","article-title":"Transforming livestock economy in India with special reference to Punjab: a review","volume":"61","author":"Dhawan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Econ. Aff."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib2","first-page":"372","article-title":"Revitalizing Indian agriculture and boosting farmer incomes","author":"Gulati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Springer Nat."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.10.027","article-title":"Molecular characterization of peste-des-petits ruminants virus (PPRV) isolated from an outbreak in the Indo-Bangladesh border of Tripura state of North-East India","volume":"174","author":"Muthuchelvan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(99)00080-2","article-title":"Morbillivirus infections, with special emphasis on morbilliviruses of carnivores","volume":"69","author":"Barrett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib4","first-page":"15","article-title":"La peste des petits ruminants","volume":"5","author":"Gargadennec","year":"1942","journal-title":"Bull. Serv. Zoo. AOF"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.10.74","article-title":"Vaccines against peste des petits ruminants virus","volume":"9","author":"Sen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expet Rev. Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1502.080817","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants virus in Tibet, China","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(96)01312-3","article-title":"Geographic distribution and epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus","volume":"43","author":"Shaila","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2006.12.002","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) outbreak in Tajikistan","volume":"136","author":"Kwiatek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.025841-0","article-title":"Global distribution of peste des petits ruminants virus and prospects for improved diagnosis and control","volume":"91","author":"Banyard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib10","first-page":"602","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants of sheep in India","volume":"125","author":"Shaila","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(96)00025-9","article-title":"The isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus from northern India","volume":"51","author":"Nanda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib12","first-page":"861","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats of southern peninsular India","volume":"27","author":"Raghavendra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Revue scientifique et Tech. (International Office of Epizootics)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2005.08.002","article-title":"Experimental studies on immunosuppressive effects of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in goats","volume":"28","author":"Rajak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-009-9362-3","article-title":"Evidence of mixed infection of peste des petits ruminants virus and bluetongue virus in a flock of goats as confirmed by detection of antigen, antibody and nucleic acid of both the viruses","volume":"41","author":"Mondal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib15","author":"Kurmanbekova"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01201.x","article-title":"Occurrence of dual infection of peste-des-petits-ruminants and goatpox in indigenous goats of central India","volume":"58","author":"Malik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transboundary Emerg. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib17","article-title":"Immunohistochemical assessment of MDA and 8-OHdG expression in the skin, lungs and kidneys of lambs naturally infected with sheeppox virus confirmed with PCR","volume":"29","author":"Karakurt","year":"2023","journal-title":"KAFKAS \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130 VETER\u0130NER FAK\u00dcLTES\u0130 DERG\u0130S\u0130"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.12.410","article-title":"Mixed infection of peste des petits ruminants and orf on a goat farm in Shahjahanpur, India","volume":"160","author":"Saravanan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-004-0366-z","article-title":"A sandwich-ELISA for the diagnosis of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) infection in small ruminants using anti-nucleocapsid protein monoclonal antibody","volume":"149","author":"Singh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.141.22.573","article-title":"Isolation of pestes des petits ruminants virus from an outbreak in Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)","volume":"141","author":"Govindarajan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.121.19.443","article-title":"An outbreak of peste des petits ruminants in a zoological collection","volume":"121","author":"Furley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib22","series-title":"Detection of Antibodies of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses (Paramyxoviridae, Morbillivirus) during a new epizootic disease in Ethiopian camels (Camelus Dromedarius)","author":"Roger","year":"2001"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.3390\/v16121829","article-title":"First Incidence of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus in Cervidae Family from State Zoo of Assam, India","volume":"16","author":"Barman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib51","series-title":"Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030313","article-title":"Eradicating the Scourge of Peste Des Petits Ruminants from the World","volume":"12","author":"Njeumi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib25","article-title":"The Effect of the Combination of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Vaccine with Different Doses of Lentinan on Cytokines and Antibody Levels of Sheep","volume":"43","author":"Dik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2025.105774","article-title":"Genomic analysis of peste des petits ruminants virus in Europe: common origin for emergence in Greece, Romania, and Bulgaria","volume":"132","author":"Guendouz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol. : J. Mol. Epidemiol. Evolut. Genet. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vet-alert livestock disease risk forewarning bulletin - september 2025","volume":"13","author":"Suresh","year":"2025","journal-title":"ICAR-NIVEDI"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.2004.00747.x","article-title":"Pathological and immunohistochemical study of experimental peste des petits ruminants virus infection in goats","volume":"51","author":"Kumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Veterinary Med. B, Infect. Dis. Veterinary Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055830","article-title":"Early events following experimental infection with peste-des-petits ruminants virus suggest immune cell targeting","volume":"8","author":"Pope","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087145","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants virus tissue tropism and pathogenesis in sheep and goats following experimental infection","volume":"9","author":"Truong","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib31","series-title":"Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus","first-page":"33","article-title":"Pathophysiology and clinical assessment of peste des petits ruminants","author":"Munir","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2164-6","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants pathogenesis on experimental infected goats by the Moroccan 2015 isolate","volume":"15","author":"Bamouh","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.15835\/nsb11110355","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants: aetiology, pathology, immunology, disease status in Africa, diagnosis, control, prevention and treatment: a review","volume":"11","author":"Ugochukwu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Not. Sci. Biol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib34","first-page":"741","article-title":"Giant cell pneumonia and measles: an analytical review","volume":"85","author":"Janigan","year":"1961","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2004.02.004","article-title":"Characteristic and non-characteristic pathological findings in peste des petits ruminants (PPR) of sheep in the Ege district of Turkey","volume":"131","author":"Toplu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.02.009","article-title":"Pathophysiology of peste des petits ruminants in sheep (Dorper & Kajli) and goats (Boer & Beetal)","volume":"117","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib37","series-title":"Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus","first-page":"51","article-title":"Pathology of peste des petits ruminants","author":"Parida","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.08.009","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants","volume":"181","author":"Parida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-022-01073-6","article-title":"Comparative pathogenesis of peste des petits ruminants virus strains of difference virulence","volume":"53","author":"Eloiflin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0263-y","article-title":"Natural peste des petits ruminants virus infection in Black Bengal goats: virological, pathological and immunohistochemical investigation","volume":"10","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib41","article-title":"Gotree\/Goalign: toolkit and Go API to facilitate the development of phylogenetic workflows","volume":"3","author":"Lemoine","year":"2021","journal-title":"NAR Genom. Bioinformat."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2023.032","article-title":"Detection and phylogenetic analysis of the Tegument protein gene of malignant catarrhal fever virus from clinical cases of cattle and sheep in the Central Balkan region","volume":"43","author":"Gli\u0161i\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-025-06254-0","article-title":"Molecular insights from 2023 and 2024 outbreaks reveal exclusive circulation of peste des petits ruminants virus lineage IV in India","volume":"170","author":"Anand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib44","first-page":"729","article-title":"Livestock vaccination in India: an analysis of theory and practice among multiple stakeholders","volume":"35","author":"Rathod","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revue scientifique et Tech. (International Office of Epizootics)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13050778","article-title":"Towards eradication of PPR: disease status, economic cost and perception of veterinarians in Karnataka, India","volume":"13","author":"Govindaraj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals : Open Access J. MDPI"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12052","article-title":"Role of wild small ruminants in the epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants","volume":"61","author":"Munir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-024-10503-z","article-title":"Synonymous codon usage influences the transmission of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in camels","volume":"48","author":"Khulape","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70121","article-title":"Serological Survey of antibodies against PPR virus in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran","volume":"11","author":"Raoofi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Veterinary Med. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.05.031","article-title":"Detection and genetic characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus in free-living bharals (Pseudois nayaur) in Tibet, China","volume":"90","author":"Bao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401025009714?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401025009714?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T23:13:02Z","timestamp":1771542782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401025009714"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0882401025009714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinicopathological and molecular characterization of Morbillivirus caprinae Lineage IV in PPR outbreak among small ruminants of Punjab","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbial Pathogenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108246","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108246"}}