{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T20:08:58Z","timestamp":1779307738832,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T23:05:46Z","timestamp":1778108746000},"page":"108541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["rBCG::PUMA exhibits enhanced immunogenicity compared to BCG in mice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"216","author":[{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaohang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiahe","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqiong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanghua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib1","series-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2025","author":"Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2017.88","article-title":"Innate immunity in tuberculosis: host defense vs pathogen evasion","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00403-5","article-title":"100 years of Mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-gu\u00e9rin","volume":"22","author":"Lange","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5284","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.2007711","article-title":"BCG vaccination strategies against tuberculosis: updates and perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib6","article-title":"Epigenetics in tuberculosis: immunomodulation of host immune response","volume":"10","author":"Khadela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601920","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b1 activation mediates innate host defense through induction of TFEB and lipid catabolism","volume":"198","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2121-3","article-title":"Metabolites released from apoptotic cells act as tissue messengers","volume":"580","author":"Medina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2024.127952","article-title":"Regulation of bacillus calmette-gu\u00e9rin-induced macrophage autophagy and apoptosis by the AMPK\u2013mTOR\u2013ULK1 pathway","volume":"290","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141602","article-title":"Double- and monofunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR antigens and peptides in long-term latently infected individuals","volume":"41","author":"Commandeur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib11","article-title":"Optimizing the boosting schedule of subunit vaccines consisting of BCG and \"Non-BCG\" antigens to induce long-term immune memory","volume":"13","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4161\/bbug.1.2.10483","article-title":"Recombinant BCG as a vaccine vehicle to protect against tuberculosis","volume":"1","author":"Triccas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioeng Bugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00316","article-title":"Vaccination against tuberculosis: revamping BCG by molecular genetics guided by immunology","volume":"11","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24617","article-title":"Increased vaccine efficacy against tuberculosis of recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-gu\u00e9rin mutants that secrete listeriolysin","volume":"115","author":"Grode","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.10.031","article-title":"The recombinant tuberculosis vaccine rBCG \u0394ureC::hly(+) induces apoptotic vesicles for improved priming of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells","volume":"30","author":"Farinacci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.12.056","article-title":"Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a tuberculosis DNA vaccine co-expressing pro-apoptotic caspase-3","volume":"26","author":"Gartner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2922","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02922","article-title":"FOXO3 transcription factor regulates IL-10 expression in mycobacteria-infected macrophages, tuning their polarization and the subsequent adaptive immune response","volume":"10","author":"Bouzeyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.1.254-259.2003","article-title":"THP-1 cell apoptosis in response to mycobacterial infection","volume":"71","author":"Riendeau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12298","article-title":"Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) transcription factor mediates apoptosis in BCG-infected macrophages","volume":"16","author":"Haoues","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.04.003","article-title":"A novel recombinant BCG-expressing pro-apoptotic protein BAX enhances Th1 protective immune responses in mice","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3722","article-title":"Control of apoptosis by the BCL-2 protein family: implications for physiology and therapy","volume":"15","author":"Czabotar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2009.09.030","article-title":"Stepwise activation of BAX and BAK by tBID, BIM, and PUMA initiates mitochondrial apoptosis","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjac074","article-title":"The ARTS of p53-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis","volume":"14","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib24","article-title":"BBC3 in macrophages promoted pulmonary fibrosis development through inducing autophagy during silicosis","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2008.179","article-title":"Puma indirectly activates bax to cause apoptosis in the absence of bid or bim","volume":"16","author":"Jabbour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.8.17.9412","article-title":"PUMA cooperates with direct activator proteins to promote mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and apoptosis","volume":"8","author":"Chipuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31947","article-title":"Enhanced priming of adaptive immunity by a proapoptotic mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"117","author":"Hinchey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11682-4","article-title":"The inhibitory effect of rBCG on EB virus-positive tumours using an EB virus fusion gene","volume":"106","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1211\/002235702144","article-title":"Participation of various kinases in staurosporine induced apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cells","volume":"54","author":"Yamaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01281","article-title":"The BCG\u0394BCG1419c vaccine candidate reduces lung pathology, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-10 during chronic TB infection","volume":"9","author":"Flores-Valdez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090072","article-title":"p53- and drug-induced apoptotic responses mediated by BH3-only proteins puma and noxa","volume":"302","author":"Villunger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00763-4","article-title":"Immune evasion and provocation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"20","author":"Chandra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01147","article-title":"The recombinant bacille calmette-gu\u00e9rin vaccine VPM1002: ready for clinical efficacy testing","volume":"8","author":"Nieuwenhuizen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2023.12.002","article-title":"Tuberculosis vaccine - a timely analysis of the drawbacks for the development of novel vaccines","volume":"71","author":"Jeyachandran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Tubercul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030185","article-title":"Apoptotic cells deliver processed antigen to dendritic cells for cross-presentation","volume":"3","author":"Blach\u00e8re","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/854507","article-title":"Th1 and Th17 cells in tuberculosis: protection, pathology, and biomarkers","author":"Lyadova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2400145","article-title":"Reappraising the role of T cell-derived IFN-\u03b3 in restriction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the murine lung","volume":"213","author":"Maciag","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02512.x","article-title":"ESAT-6- and CFP-10-specific Th1, Th22 and Th17 cells in tuberculous pleurisy may contribute to the local immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"73","author":"Qiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2018.04.001","article-title":"The tolerogenic role of IFN-\u03b3","volume":"41","author":"Ro\u017eman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01301-3","article-title":"Harnessing IL-2 for immunotherapy against cancer and chronic infection: a historical perspective and emerging trends","volume":"56","author":"Im","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2022.2054758","article-title":"Toll-like receptor agonist combinations augment mouse T-cell anti-tumor immunity via IL-12- and interferon \u00df-mediated suppression of immune checkpoint receptor expression","volume":"11","author":"Jeon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3687","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.12.3687","article-title":"Aqueous antigens induce in vivo tolerance selectively in IL-2- and IFN-gamma-producing (Th1) cells","volume":"148","author":"Burstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17292","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004879107","article-title":"IFN-{gamma} produced by CD8 T cells induces T-bet-dependent and -independent class switching in B cells in responses to alum-precipitated protein vaccine","volume":"107","author":"Mohr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.02.009","article-title":"Antibody-mediated immunity against tuberculosis: implications for vaccine development","volume":"13","author":"Achkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00996","article-title":"A case for antibodies as mechanistic correlates of immunity in tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Kawahara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib46","article-title":"Potential biomarkers for evaluating the BCG vaccination response based on humoral immunity","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010785","article-title":"Long-lived central memory \u03b3\u03b4 T cells confer protection against murine cytomegalovirus reinfection","volume":"20","author":"Yared","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00368-09","article-title":"Phenotypic definition of effector and memory T-lymphocyte subsets in mice chronically infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"17","author":"Henao-Tamayo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00222-5","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of VPM1002 versus BCG in South African newborn babies: a randomised, phase 2 non-inferiority double-blind controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Cotton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401026002676?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401026002676?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T19:38:48Z","timestamp":1779305928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401026002676"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0882401026002676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"rBCG::PUMA exhibits enhanced immunogenicity compared to BCG in mice","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbial Pathogenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108541","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108541"}}