{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T20:06:20Z","timestamp":1786824380386,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T15:19:13Z","timestamp":1780586353000},"page":"108612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["eDNA: A dual nongenetic gamechanger in biofilm development and depletion"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"217","author":[{"given":"Raghda","family":"Elawady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Gaballah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202100090","article-title":"Contribution to determination of extracellular DNA origin in the biofilm matrix","volume":"61","author":"Svarcova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5404","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.9.5404-5410.2005","article-title":"Extracellular DNA in single- and multiple-species unsaturated biofilms","volume":"71","author":"Steinberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00361.x","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular DNA forming a defined network-like structure","volume":"262","author":"Bockelmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2010.04911.x","article-title":"Extracellular DNA in Helicobacter pylori biofilm: a backstairs rumour","volume":"110","author":"Grande","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20485-z","article-title":"Broad impact of extracellular DNA on biofilm formation by clinically isolated Methicillin-resistant and -sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"8","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-019-0088-3","article-title":"Extracellular DNA release, quorum sensing, and PrrF1\/F2 small RNAs are key players in Pseudomonas aeruginosa tobramycin-enhanced biofilm formation","volume":"5","author":"Tahrioui","year":"2019","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.100827","article-title":"Novel bacterial diversity and fragmented eDNA identified in Hyperbiofilm-Forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa rugose small colony variant","volume":"23","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib8","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm formation by DZ2002 through regulation of extracellular DNA and alginate production","volume":"13","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.10.010","article-title":"Z-form extracellular DNA is a structural component of the bacterial biofilm matrix","volume":"184","author":"Buzzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1999","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib10","article-title":"Utilizing the state of environmental DNA (eDNA) to incorporate time-scale information into eDNA analysis","volume":"290","author":"Jo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib11","article-title":"Identification of extracellular DNA-binding proteins in the biofilm matrix","volume":"10","author":"Kavanaugh Jeffrey","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01789-5","article-title":"The exopolysaccharide-eDNA interaction modulates 3D architecture of Bacillus subtilis biofilm","volume":"20","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae034","article-title":"Extracellular G-quadruplexes and Z-DNA protect biofilms from DNase I, and G-quadruplexes form a DNAzyme with peroxidase activity","volume":"52","author":"Minero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01390","article-title":"Mechanisms and regulation of extracellular DNA release and its biological roles in microbial communities","volume":"8","author":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez de Aldecoa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00575-9","article-title":"Secreted nucleases reclaim extracellular DNA during biofilm development","volume":"10","author":"Lander","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5390","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00400-09","article-title":"Evaluation of different methods for extracting extracellular DNA from the biofilm matrix","volume":"75","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-019-00681-8","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of biofilm extracellular DNA by fluorescence-based techniques","volume":"64","author":"Boh\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04521.x","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae secretes chromosomal DNA via a novel type IV secretion system","volume":"55","author":"Hamilton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00294516","article-title":"Acinetobacter calcoaceticus liberates chromosomal DNA during induction of competence by cell lysis","volume":"30","author":"Palmen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6327","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.18.6327-6331.2004","article-title":"Biofilm mode of growth of Streptococcus intermedius favored by a competence-stimulating signaling peptide","volume":"186","author":"Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4392","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.13.4392-4400.2005","article-title":"DNA binding-uptake system: a link between cell-to-cell communication and biofilm formation","volume":"187","author":"Petersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/006031-0","article-title":"Role of autolysin-mediated DNA release in biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"153","author":"Qin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiology (Read.)"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02080-20","article-title":"Competence-stimulating-peptide-dependent localized cell death and extracellular DNA production in Streptococcus mutans biofilms","volume":"86","author":"Nagasawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130401500102","article-title":"The biofilm concept: consequences for future prophylaxis of oral diseases?","volume":"15","author":"Scheie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00926-12","article-title":"Cell death of Streptococcus mutans induced by a quorum-sensing peptide occurs via a conserved streptococcal autolysin","volume":"195","author":"Dufour","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/973436","article-title":"Characterization of eDNA from the clinical strain Acinetobacter baumannii AIIMS 7 and its role in biofilm formation","volume":"2012","author":"Sahu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.10.2767-2774.1996","article-title":"Bacteriolytic effect of membrane vesicles from Pseudomonas aeruginosa on other bacteria including pathogens: conceptually new antibiotics","volume":"178","author":"Kadurugamuwa","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5307","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215307","article-title":"Detection and quantification of eDNA-Associated bacterial membrane vesicles by flow cytometry","volume":"20","author":"Puca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.05008.x","article-title":"A characterization of DNA release in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures and biofilms","volume":"59","author":"Allesen-Holm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5559","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1126\/science.295.5559.1487","article-title":"Extracellular DNA required for bacterial biofilm formation","volume":"295","author":"Whitchurch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12085","article-title":"The roles of extracellular DNA in the structural integrity of extracellular polymeric substance and bacterial biofilm development","volume":"5","author":"Das","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2113723119","article-title":"The structural role of bacterial eDNA in the formation of biofilm streamers","volume":"119","author":"Secchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00006-24","article-title":"Multitasking functions of bacterial extracellular DNA in biofilms","volume":"206","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005822","article-title":"Modulation of eDNA release and degradation affects Staphylococcus aureus biofilm maturation","volume":"4","author":"Mann","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22169100","article-title":"A major ubiquitous element of the bacterial biofilm architecture","volume":"22","author":"Campoccia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27760","article-title":"The role of extracellular DNA in the formation, architecture, stability, and treatment of bacterial biofilms","volume":"118","author":"Panlilio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03119-09","article-title":"Role of extracellular DNA in initial bacterial adhesion and surface aggregation","volume":"76","author":"Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12503","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801499105","article-title":"Endogenous oxidative stress produces diversity and adaptability in biofilm communities","volume":"105","author":"Boles","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-015-0514-x","article-title":"Multifaceted roles of extracellular DNA in bacterial physiology","volume":"62","author":"Vorkapic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Genet."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227296","article-title":"Preliminary evidences of the presence of extracellular DNA single stranded forms in soil","volume":"15","author":"Pathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94","article-title":"Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life","volume":"14","author":"Flemming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06703.x","article-title":"A fratricidal mechanism is responsible for eDNA release and contributes to biofilm development of Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"72","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib43","article-title":"eDNA-stimulated cell dispersion from Caulobacter crescentus biofilms upon oxygen limitation is dependent on a toxin\u2013antitoxin system","volume":"12","author":"Berne","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-015-0775-4","article-title":"The ecology of environmental DNA and implications for conservation genetics","volume":"17","author":"Barnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib45","article-title":"Peroxidase-like activity of G-Quadruplex\/Hemin complexes for colorimetric nucleic acid analysis: loop and flanking sequences affect signal intensity","volume":"5","author":"Connelly","year":"2025","journal-title":"DNA (N. Y.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib46","article-title":"Oxidative stress responses in biofilms","volume":"7","author":"da Cruz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biofilm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2025-0051","article-title":"Extracellular DNA enhances Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm resistance to sodium hypochlorite stress","author":"Da Cruz Nizer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2009.01.004","article-title":"Intercellular adhesion and biocide resistance in nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae biofilms","volume":"46","author":"Izano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1183-y","article-title":"Susceptibility patterns and the role of extracellular DNA in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm resistance to physico-chemical stress exposure","volume":"18","author":"Olwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00497-13","article-title":"A distinguishable role of eDNA in the viscoelastic relaxation of biofilms","volume":"4","author":"Peterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213288","article-title":"Extracellular DNA facilitates bacterial adhesion during burkholderia pseudomallei biofilm formation","volume":"14","author":"Pakkulnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201100174","article-title":"Functional analysis of the sortase YhcS in Bacillus subtilis","volume":"11","author":"Fasehee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8063","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.23.8063-8080.2005","article-title":"Genome-wide transcriptional analysis of the phosphate starvation stimulon of Bacillus subtilis","volume":"187","author":"Allenby","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-021-00197-5","article-title":"The biofilm matrix scaffold of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contains G-quadruplex extracellular DNA structures","volume":"7","author":"Seviour","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00497-13","article-title":"A distinguishable role of eDNA in the viscoelastic relaxation of biofilms","volume":"4","author":"Peterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib56","first-page":"234","article-title":"Viscoelasticity of biofilms and their recalcitrance to mechanical and chemical challenges","volume":"39","author":"Peterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS (Fed. Eur. Microbiol. Soc.) Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9340","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.16.9340","article-title":"Analysis of left-handed Z-DNA formation in short d (CG) n sequences in Escherichia coli and Halobacterium halobium plasmids: stabilization by increasing repeat length and DNA supercoiling but not salinity (\u2217)","volume":"271","author":"Kim","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.197","article-title":"A review on their biological roles and targeting","volume":"204","author":"Frasson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib59","series-title":"Biofilm Matrix","first-page":"43","article-title":"Nucleic acids in the biofilm matrix","author":"Meyer","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12994","article-title":"DNABII proteins play a central role in UPEC biofilm structure","volume":"96","author":"Devaraj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2024.102943","article-title":"Extracellular DNA-protein interactions","volume":"89","author":"Goodman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2003.12.003","article-title":"IHF and HU: flexible architects of bent DNA","volume":"14","author":"Swinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25068","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909017116","article-title":"The extracellular DNA lattice of bacterial biofilms is structurally related to holliday junction recombination intermediates","volume":"116","author":"Devaraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010104","article-title":"Crumbling the castle: targeting DNABII proteins for collapsing bacterial biofilms as a therapeutic approach to treat disease and combat antimicrobial resistance","volume":"11","author":"Rogers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4985","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911528107","article-title":"Minute negative superhelicity is sufficient to induce the B-Z transition in the presence of low tension","volume":"107","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13137","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c02466","article-title":"DNA bending force facilitates Z-DNA formation under physiological salt conditions","volume":"144","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"4928","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2678475","article-title":"Stabilization of Z DNA in vivo by localized supercoiling","volume":"246","author":"Rahmouni","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/14.6.2737","article-title":"Salt induced B \u2014 a transition of poly(dG).poly(dC) and the stabilization of A form by its methylation","volume":"14","author":"Nishimura","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-005-0023-9","article-title":"The effect of salt concentration on DNA conformation transition: a molecular-dynamics study","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Model."},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11353","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503058112","article-title":"Pel is a cationic exopolysaccharide that cross-links extracellular DNA in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm matrix","volume":"112","author":"Jennings","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2012.10.011","article-title":"Targeting bacterial integration host factor to disrupt biofilms associated with cystic fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Gustave","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cyst. Fibros."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30986","article-title":"Z-Form extracellular DNA in pediatric CRS may provide a mechanism for recalcitrance to treatment","volume":"134","author":"Hofer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf1505","article-title":"Unravelling the noncanonical extracellular DNA structures in biofilm and NETosis","volume":"54","author":"Demir","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01082","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2 promotes Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on implants in vivo","volume":"10","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2016.03.027","article-title":"Heme interacts with histidine- and tyrosine-based protein motifs and inhibits enzymatic activity of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase from Escherichia coli","volume":"1860","author":"Brewitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa018","article-title":"The origin of extracellular DNA in bacterial biofilm infections in vivo","volume":"78","author":"Alhede","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME22085","article-title":"Identification of a novel gene involved in cell-to-cell communication-induced cell death and eDNA production in Streptococcus mutans","volume":"38","author":"Nagasawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07361.x","article-title":"A novel double-tryptophan peptide pheromone controls competence in streptococcus spp. via an rgg regulator","volume":"78","author":"Mashburn-Warren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00404-17","article-title":"Intercellular communication via the comX-inducing peptide (XIP) of Streptococcus mutans","volume":"199","author":"Kaspar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00038-15","article-title":"Comprehensive transcriptome profiles of Streptococcus mutans UA159 map core streptococcal competence genes","volume":"1","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005353","article-title":"The alternative sigma factor SigX controls bacteriocin synthesis and competence, the two quorum sensing regulated traits in Streptococcus mutans","volume":"11","author":"Reck","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2012.08187.x","article-title":"Microfluidic study of competence regulation in streptococcus mutans: environmental inputs modulate bimodal and unimodal expression of comX","volume":"86","author":"Son","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1478-3975\/aa546c","article-title":"Origins of heterogeneity in Streptococcus mutans competence: interpreting an environment-sensitive signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Hagen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14367","article-title":"Carbohydrate and PepO control bimodality in competence development by Streptococcus mutans","volume":"112","author":"Underhill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01363-10","article-title":"Subpopulation-specific transcriptome analysis of competence-stimulating-peptide-induced Streptococcus mutans","volume":"193","author":"Lemme","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6075","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.21.6075-6081.2000","article-title":"Dimerization between the holin and holin inhibitor of phage lambda","volume":"182","author":"Gr\u00fcndling","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6631","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.19.6631-6640.2005","article-title":"Periplasmic domains define holin-antiholin interactions in T4 lysis inhibition","volume":"187","author":"Tran","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9788","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx687","article-title":"Blocking the RecA activity and SOS-response in bacteria with a short \u03b1-helical peptide","volume":"45","author":"Yakimov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21941-7","article-title":"Control of a programmed cell death pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by an antiterminator","volume":"12","author":"Pe\u00f1a","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03684-9","article-title":"Elucidation of molecular function of phage protein responsible for optimization of host cell lysis","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041620","article-title":"Promoter strength driving TetR determines the regulatory properties of tet-controlled expression systems","volume":"7","author":"Georgi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417260","article-title":"How do phages disrupt the structure of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm?","volume":"24","author":"Moryl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048716","article-title":"Extracellular DNA release by undomesticated Bacillus subtilis is regulated by early competence","volume":"7","author":"Zafra","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.21775\/cimb.037.057","article-title":"Competence and transformation in Bacillus subtilis","volume":"37","author":"Maier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2024.100183","article-title":"Dual roles of the conditional extracellular vesicles derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms: promoting and inhibiting bacterial biofilm growth","volume":"7","author":"Saad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biofilm"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-024-01715-5","article-title":"Biofilm formation, occurrence, microbial communication, impact and characterization methods in natural and anthropic systems: a review","volume":"22","author":"Elumalai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071806","article-title":"Linking temperature, cation concentration and water activity for the B to Z conformational transition in DNA","volume":"23","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11541","DOI":"10.1021\/jp405561f","article-title":"pH-Induced conformational change and dimerization of DNA chains investigated by analytical ultracentrifugation","volume":"117","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib98","series-title":"Soft Matter Systems for Biomedical Applications: 2022\/\/","first-page":"193","article-title":"The influence of sequence dependence and external solvents on DNA conformation","author":"Xu","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1001051","article-title":"Theoretical analysis of the stress induced B-Z transition in superhelical DNA","volume":"7","author":"Zhabinskaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(67)90353-1","article-title":"A fluorescent complex between ethidium bromide and nucleic acids: physical\u2014chemical characterization","volume":"27","author":"Lepecq","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40284-5","article-title":"Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae released from biofilm residence by monoclonal antibody directed against a biofilm matrix component display a vulnerable phenotype","volume":"13","author":"Wilbanks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5773","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/286637a0","article-title":"Theoretical analysis of transitions between B- and Z-conformations in torsionally stressed DNA","volume":"286","author":"Benham","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2022.100096","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies that target extracellular DNABII proteins or the type IV pilus of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) worked additively to disrupt 2-genera biofilms","volume":"4","author":"Jurcisek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biofilm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102867","article-title":"Targeting a bacterial DNABII protein with a chimeric peptide immunogen or humanised monoclonal antibody to prevent or treat recalcitrant biofilm-mediated infections","volume":"59","author":"Novotny","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.27","article-title":"Biofilms can be dispersed by focusing the immune system on a common family of bacterial nucleoid-associated proteins","volume":"4","author":"Goodman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2001.0326","article-title":"Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs)--Part I: structural and ecological aspects","volume":"43","author":"Flemming","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015668","article-title":"Dispersal of biofilms by secreted, matrix degrading, bacterial DNase","volume":"5","author":"Nijland","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01761","article-title":"Characterization of ExeM, an extracellular nuclease of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1","volume":"9","author":"Binnenkade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1159\/000535980","article-title":"The effect of enzymatic treatment with Mutanase, beta-glucanase, and DNase on a saliva-derived biofilm model","volume":"58","author":"Dukanovic Rikvold","year":"2024","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00694-x","article-title":"Dental biofilms contain DNase I-resistant Z-DNA and G-quadruplexes but alternative DNase overcomes this resistance","volume":"11","author":"Evans","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509359403","article-title":"Biofilm dispersal: mechanisms, clinical implications, and potential therapeutic uses","volume":"89","author":"Kaplan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00126-24","article-title":"Micrococcal nuclease regulates biofilm formation and dispersal in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300","volume":"9","author":"Kaplan","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-017-2672-4","article-title":"High-level production of DNA-specific endonuclease AsEndI with synonymous codon and its potential utilization for removing DNA contamination","volume":"185","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00698-22","article-title":"Quantification of extracellular DNA network abundance and architecture within Streptococcus gordonii biofilms reveals modulatory factors","volume":"88","author":"Serrage","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107445","article-title":"Extracellular TatD from Listeria monocytogenes displays DNase activity and contributes to biofilm dispersion","volume":"202","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02057","article-title":"Characterization of vibrio cholerae's extracellular nuclease xds","volume":"10","author":"Pressler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39374-0","article-title":"Moraxella catarrhalis NucM is an entry nuclease involved in extracellular DNA and RNA degradation, cell competence and biofilm scaffolding","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00059-19","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires the DNA-specific endonuclease EndA to degrade extracellular genomic DNA to disperse from the biofilm","volume":"201","author":"Cherny","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-022-01331-5","article-title":"Dornase alfa in cystic fibrosis: indications, comparative studies and effects on lung clearance index","volume":"48","author":"Terlizzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7772","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43533-3","article-title":"RNA is a key component of extracellular DNA networks in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms","volume":"14","author":"Mugunthan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201200220","article-title":"Electrochemical single-molecule AFM of the redox metalloenzyme copper nitrite reductase in action","volume":"13","author":"Hao","year":"2012","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib116","article-title":"Hemin-binding DNA structures on the surface of bacteria promote extracellular electron transfer","author":"Ajunwa","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.8b00255","article-title":"DNA hybridization to interface current-producing cells with electrode surfaces","volume":"4","author":"Furst","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00114-21","article-title":"Calcium prevents biofilm dispersion in Bacillus subtilis","volume":"203","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00192-21","article-title":"Biofilm dispersal for spore release in Bacillus subtilis","volume":"203","author":"Kovacs","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091935","article-title":"Influence of calcium in extracellular DNA mediated bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation","volume":"9","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02073-07","article-title":"Differential roles of poly-N-acetylglucosamine surface polysaccharide and extracellular DNA in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms","volume":"74","author":"Izano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4449","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.14.4449-4456.2004","article-title":"Putative exopolysaccharide synthesis genes influence Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development","volume":"186","author":"Matsukawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2006\/004911-0","article-title":"Effects of iron on DNA release and biofilm development by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"153","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiology (Read.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12168","article-title":"Extracellular DNA in adhesion and biofilm formation of four environmental isolates: a quantitative study","volume":"86","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05757.x","article-title":"Competence-induced fratricide in streptococci","volume":"64","author":"Claverys","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07733.x","article-title":"The novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa two-component regulator BfmR controls bacteriophage-mediated lysis and DNA release during biofilm development through PhdA","volume":"81","author":"Petrova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.153","article-title":"Phage-induced lysis enhances biofilm formation in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1","volume":"5","author":"Godeke","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5304","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01480-14","article-title":"Iron triggers lambdaSo prophage induction and release of extracellular DNA in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilms","volume":"80","author":"Binnenkade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-023-00464-7","article-title":"Genotoxic stress stimulates eDNA release via explosive cell lysis and thereby promotes streamer formation of Burkholderia cenocepacia H111 cultured in a microfluidic device","volume":"9","author":"Heredia-Ponce","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11220","article-title":"Explosive cell lysis as a mechanism for the biogenesis of bacterial membrane vesicles and biofilms","volume":"7","author":"Turnbull","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib131","article-title":"Multiple holins contribute to extracellular DNA release in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms","volume":"167","author":"Hynen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiology (Read.)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2424","article-title":"eDNA limits biofilm attachment","volume":"8","author":"Jermy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.15414\/jmbfs.2020.10.3.441-444","article-title":"Inhibition of early stages of SALMONELLA typhimurium biofilms by extracellular DNA (EDNA) and genomic DNA (GDNA)","volume":"10","author":"\u00c7elik","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-013-0468-5","article-title":"Extracellular DNA inhibits Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and S. enterica Serovar Typhi biofilm development on abiotic surfaces","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-3074-5","article-title":"GGDEF proteins YeaI, YedQ, and YfiN reduce early biofilm formation and swimming motility in Escherichia coli","volume":"90","author":"Sanchez-Torres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib136","article-title":"A potential role of extracellular DNA in biofilm and ciprofloxacin resistance","volume":"9","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020466","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms utilize an underlying extracellular DNA matrix structure that can be targeted for biofilm resolution","volume":"10","author":"Goodman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00471-08","article-title":"Effect of DNase and antibiotics on biofilm characteristics","volume":"53","author":"Tetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03304-20","article-title":"The balance of neutrophil extracellular trap formation and nuclease degradation: an unknown role of bacterial coinfections in COVID-19 patients?","volume":"12","author":"de Buhr","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103125","article-title":"Cell wall-anchored nuclease of Streptococcus sanguinis contributes to escape from neutrophil extracellular trap-mediated bacteriocidal activity","volume":"9","author":"Morita","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12155","article-title":"The extracellular matrix protects Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by limiting the penetration of tobramycin","volume":"15","author":"Tseng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-024-04157-3","article-title":"Biofilm matrix: a multifaceted layer of biomolecules and a defensive barrier against antimicrobials","volume":"206","author":"Ragupathi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00604-7","article-title":"Staphylococcus epidermidis alters macrophage polarization and phagocytic uptake by extracellular DNA release in vitro","volume":"10","author":"Weisselberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00304-25","article-title":"Biofilm-associated molecular patterns: BAMPs","volume":"93","author":"Ostrup Jensen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00186-17","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate overproduction promotes coexistence with Staphylococcus aureus in a model of cystic fibrosis respiratory infection","volume":"8","author":"Limoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.5.1485-1491.2003","article-title":"Diffusion in biofilms","volume":"185","author":"Stewart","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"5783","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127912","article-title":"Antibiotic stress induces genetic transformability in the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"313","author":"Prudhomme","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213690","article-title":"The origin, function, distribution, quantification, and research advances of extracellular DNA","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401026003384?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0882401026003384?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T06:37:19Z","timestamp":1783751839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0882401026003384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":155,"alternative-id":["S0882401026003384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"eDNA: A dual nongenetic gamechanger in biofilm development and depletion","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbial Pathogenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108612","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108612"}}