{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:03:21Z","timestamp":1789833801367,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T22:42:28Z","timestamp":1787438548000},"page":"108796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance profiling of Clostridium perfringens isolated from poultry: Identification of multidrug-resistant Toxinotype G lineages"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"220","author":[{"given":"Nada Hussein","family":"Eidaroos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamza Ibrahim","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada A.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa Abdellatif Abdelkader","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0825-9776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azza SalahEldin","family":"El-Demerdash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.47587\/MSA.2024.4201","article-title":"Virulence and pathogenicity of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"4","author":"Khorseed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbial Science Archives"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1886777","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"12","author":"Mehdizadeh Gohari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib3","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens as foodborne pathogen in broiler production: pathophysiology and potential strategies for controlling necrotic enteritis","volume":"10","author":"De la Mora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib4","article-title":"Comparative genomic analysis of Clostridium perfringens strains associated with necrotic enteritis of poultry, HRC","volume":"20","author":"Lepp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. High Resolut. Chromatogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14060575","article-title":"Cellulose Nanocrystal\/Zinc oxide bio-nanocomposite activity on planktonic and biofilm producing pan drug-resistant Clostridium perfringens isolated from chickens and turkeys","volume":"14","author":"Amin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10050212","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and cell death associated with Clostridium perfringens toxins","volume":"10","author":"Navarro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10010061","article-title":"Role of Clostridium perfringens necrotic enteritis B-like toxin in disease pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2016.1139688","article-title":"The pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in chickens: what we know and what we need to know: a review","volume":"45","author":"Prescott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.08.012","article-title":"Necrotic enteritis and antibiotic-free production of broiler chickens: challenges in testing and using alternative products","volume":"16","author":"Moore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animal Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101958","article-title":"Necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: a review on the pathogen, pathogenesis, and prevention","volume":"10","author":"Fathima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib11","article-title":"Challenges of ensuring sustainable poultry meat production and economic resilience under climate change for achieving sustainable food security","volume":"6","author":"Abbas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research on World Agricultural Economy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS200593","article-title":"Necrotic enteritis; a continuing challenge for the poultry industry","author":"McDevitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Worlds Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib13","article-title":"Clostridial enteritis - a continuing challenge for the poultry sector","volume":"33","author":"Barri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poultry: Middle East & North Africa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060768","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens\u2014Opportunistic foodborne pathogen, its diversity and epidemiological significance","volume":"12","author":"Grenda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-023-03560-9","article-title":"Evaluation of gene expression related to immunity, apoptosis, and gut integrity that underlies Artemisia's therapeutic effects in necrotic enteritis-challenged broilers","volume":"13","author":"El-Demerdash","year":"2023","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1474942","article-title":"Innovative unified impact of magnetite iron nanoparticles and quercetin on broiler chickens: performance, antioxidant and immune defense and controlling of Clostridium perfringens infection","volume":"11","author":"Al-Nasser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib17","first-page":"291","article-title":"Evaluation of lysozyme supplementation on antioxidant status, immune gene expression, and amelioration of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens, Egypt","volume":"56","author":"El-Demerdash","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12111059","article-title":"The rising threat of antibiotic resistance in poultry: veterinary and one health perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Sana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4180336","article-title":"Patterns of antibiotic resistance in enterobacteriaceae isolates from broiler chicken in the West Region of Cameroon: a cross-sectional study","volume":"2022","author":"Leinyuy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14071409","article-title":"Cross-species dissemination of pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in humans and poultry in Egypt: unveiling shared clones, resistance mechanisms, and severe clinical outcomes","volume":"14","author":"El-Demerdash","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2023.j671","article-title":"Evaluation and development of diagnostic tools for rapid detection of Riemerella anatipestifer and Pasteurella multocida in ducks","volume":"10","author":"Megahed","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2026.101379","article-title":"Genotypic and phenotypic strategies to detect antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens along the food processing chain","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.48130\/biocontam-0025-0023","article-title":"Environmental antimicrobial resistance: key reservoirs, surveillance and mitigation under one health","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biocontaminant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/25.12.1306","article-title":"Identification of anaerobic bacteria","volume":"25","author":"Moore","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib25","series-title":"Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease","author":"Quinn","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02800-5","article-title":"Antimicrobial potential of myricetin-coated zinc oxide nanocomposite against drug-resistant Clostridium perfringens","volume":"23","author":"Gomaa","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.06.011","article-title":"Molecular genotyping, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens isolated from meat supplied to school cafeterias in South Korea","volume":"52","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks391","article-title":"BSAC standardized disc susceptibility testing method (version 11)","volume":"67","author":"Howe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv287","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility testing breakpoints and methods from BSAC to EUCAST","volume":"71","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Others, Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.1.228-232.1997","article-title":"Molecular typing and epidemiological survey of prevalence of Clostridium perfringens types by multiplex PCR","volume":"35","author":"Yoo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1006\/anae.1996.0013","article-title":"Comparison of toxicity neutralization-, ELISA- and PCR tests for typing of Clostridium perfringens and detection of the enterotoxin gene by PCR","volume":"2","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib33","article-title":"Large-scale genomic analyses and toxinotyping of Clostridium perfringens implicated in foodborne outbreaks in France","volume":"10","author":"Abdelrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.08.035","article-title":"A new PCR followed by MboI digestion for the detection of all variants of the Clostridium perfringens cpb2 gene","volume":"127","author":"van Asten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf069","article-title":"Identification of PSE and OXA \u03b2-lactamase genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism","volume":"50","author":"Bert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2018.38.4.378","article-title":"Rapid identification of blaIMP-1 and blaIMP-6 by multiplex amplification refractory mutation system PCR","volume":"38","author":"Nakano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.4.1053-1058.2002","article-title":"Bla VIM-2 cassette-containing novel integrons in metallo-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida isolates disseminated in a Korean hospital, Antimicrob","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03774-2","article-title":"Pathognomonic features of Pasteurella multocida isolates among various avian species in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt","volume":"39","author":"El-Demerdash","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib39","series-title":"Challenges of Small-Scale Broiler Production in Rural West Africa","author":"Adjei-Mensah","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108200","article-title":"Lycopene nanoparticles deliver targeted improvements in broilers' performance, immune competence, antioxidant defense, and resistance against Pasteurella multocida infection","volume":"210","author":"Abd El-Hamid","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1071\/AN21437","article-title":"Optimum inclusion rate of barley in diets of meat chickens: an incremental and practical program","volume":"62","author":"Toghyani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib42","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Mobile colistin resistance determinants among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from different poultry species","volume":"13","author":"El-Demerdash","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1820358","article-title":"Nutritional and phytogenic modulation of caprine physiology: a systematic review of Moringa oleifera effects on metabolism, reproductive function, and lactation performance","volume":"13","author":"Mohai Ud Din","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib44","article-title":"Evaluation of 16S rRNA genes sequences and genome-based analysis for identification of non-pathogenic Yersinia","volume":"15","author":"Kislichkina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330304","article-title":"Investigation of mobile genetic elements and their association with antibiotic resistance genes in clinical pathogens worldwide","volume":"20","author":"Johansson","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2018.64.5.25","article-title":"Molecular analysis of integron gene cassette arrays associated multi-drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from poultry","volume":"64","author":"El-Demerdash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0040026","article-title":"NetB, a new toxin that is associated with avian necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens","volume":"4","author":"Keyburn","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3512","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.430223","article-title":"Molecular architecture and functional analysis of NetB, a pore-forming toxin from Clostridium perfringens","volume":"288","author":"Savva","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-019-0015-1","article-title":"Genomic analysis on broiler-associated Clostridium perfringens strains and exploratory caecal microbiome investigation reveals key factors linked to poultry necrotic enteritis","volume":"1","author":"Kiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01385-z","article-title":"Particular genomic and virulence traits associated with preterm infant-derived toxigenic Clostridium perfringens strains","volume":"8","author":"Kiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2024.102856","article-title":"Mechanisms of intestinal epithelial cell damage by Clostridium perfringens","volume":"87","author":"Ou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.06.010","article-title":"Relationship between virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis","volume":"22","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."}],"container-title":["Microbial Pathogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S088240102600522X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S088240102600522X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T15:23:35Z","timestamp":1789831415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S088240102600522X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S088240102600522X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796","relation":{},"ISSN":["0882-4010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0882-4010","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance profiling of Clostridium perfringens isolated from poultry: Identification of multidrug-resistant Toxinotype G lineages","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbial Pathogenesis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108796","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108796"}}