{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T10:42:21Z","timestamp":1792233741574,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024A1515110054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515110054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010785","name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["499093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["499093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010785","name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["499199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["499199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["400259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["400259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiological Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T15:27:35Z","timestamp":1790954855000},"page":"128743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Characterization of a novel strain of Bacillus subtilis and its antimicrobial activity against Clostridium perfringens"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"314","author":[{"given":"Xiaoshu","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanshan","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Milmine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yucheng","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh Y.","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib1","article-title":"The Secondary Metabolites of Bacillus subtilis Strain Z15 Induce Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells","author":"Aimaier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky066","article-title":"Single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing comes of age: applications and utilities for medical diagnostics","volume":"46","author":"Ardui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.916473","article-title":"Potential Feed Additives as Antibiotic Alternatives in Broiler Production","volume":"9","author":"Ayalew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2012.14","article-title":"Occludin is required for apoptosis when claudin\u2013claudin interactions are disrupted","volume":"3","author":"Beeman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib5","first-page":"160","article-title":"Probiotic Mechanisms of Action","volume":"61","author":"Bermudez-Brito","year":"2012","journal-title":"ANM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W46","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad344","article-title":"antiSMASH 7.0: new and improved predictions for detection, regulation, chemical structures and visualisation","volume":"51","author":"Blin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00302","article-title":"Overview of the Antimicrobial Compounds Produced by Members of the Bacillus subtilis Group","volume":"10","author":"Caulier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-156","article-title":"The epidemiology of Clostridium perfringens type A on Ontario swine farms, with special reference to cpb2-positive isolates","volume":"8","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clostridium perfringens Alpha-Toxin: Characterization and Mode of Action | The Journal of Biochemistry | Oxford Academic. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jb\/article-abstract\/136\/5\/569\/899707?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false [Accessed January 8, 2023].","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvh161"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus subtilis Strain WB800N, an Extracellular Protease-Deficient Derivative of Strain 168. doi: 10.1128\/mra.01380-18.","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.01380-18"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01583-9","article-title":"Engineered probiotic overcomes pathogen defences using signal interference and antibiotic production to treat infection in mice","author":"Do","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1152588","article-title":"Cell-free supernatant of probiotic bacteria exerted antibiofilm and antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A novel biotic therapy","volume":"14","author":"Drumond","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.20-0623","article-title":"The cytotoxicity and molecular mechanisms of the Clostridium perfringens NetB toxin","volume":"83","author":"Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07641-9","article-title":"High throughput ANI analysis of 90K prokaryotic genomes reveals clear species boundaries","volume":"9","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib15","series-title":"The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual","first-page":"467","article-title":"Chapter 29 - Food Poisoning: Toxic Syndromes","author":"Jong","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27467-2","article-title":"Engineering Bacillus subtilis for the formation of a durable living biocomposite material","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb9010004","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment of Antimicrobial Activity of PLGA Films Loaded with 4-Hexylresorcinol","volume":"9","author":"Kemme","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0144-8","article-title":"An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens","volume":"7","author":"Kiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.03.008","article-title":"Bacillus subtilis","volume":"27","author":"Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9040173","article-title":"Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of C. perfringens Isolates from Dairy Cows with a Pathological Puerperium","volume":"9","author":"Kronfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060692","article-title":"Probiotics as Alternatives to Antibiotics for the Prevention and Control of Necrotic Enteritis in Chickens","volume":"11","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/36786","article-title":"The complete genome sequence of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis","volume":"390","author":"Kunst","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib23","article-title":"Role of Clostridium perfringens Necrotic Enteritis B-like Toxin in Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14302","article-title":"CRISPR adaptation biases explain preference for acquisition of foreign DNA","volume":"520","author":"Levy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108932","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens in chickens and pigs from Beijing and Shanxi, China","volume":"252","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-025-11227-3","article-title":"Whole genome-sequence analysis of Bacillus subtilis strain KC14-1 with broad-spectrum antifungal activity","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2000602","article-title":"Screening beneficial bacteriostatic lactic acid bacteria in the intestine and studies of bacteriostatic substances","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D801","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab902","article-title":"TYGS and LPSN: a database tandem for fast and reliable genome-based classification and nomenclature of prokaryotes","volume":"50","author":"Meier-Kolthoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-020-09640-z","article-title":"Probiotics: an Antibiotic Replacement Strategy for Healthy Broilers and Productive Rearing","volume":"13","author":"Neveling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Probiotics & Antimicro Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4315","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab859","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas systems are widespread accessory elements across bacterial and archaeal plasmids","volume":"50","author":"Pinilla-Redondo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi N., Zhan X., Milmine J., Chang K.-H., Li J. A novel thermophilic strain of Bacillus subtilis with antimicrobial activity and its potential application in solid-state fermentation of soybean meal. Microbiol Spectr 12:e02784-23. doi: 10.1128\/spectrum.02784-23.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02784-23"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02784-23","article-title":"A novel thermophilic strain of Bacillus subtilis with antimicrobial activity and its potential application in solid-state fermentation of soybean meal","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1936-2","article-title":"Targeting of temperate phages drives loss of type I CRISPR\u2013Cas systems","volume":"578","author":"Rollie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib34","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequence Analysis of Bacillus subtilis MC4-2 Strain That against Tobacco Black Shank Disease","volume":"2024","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Genom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-07160-2","article-title":"Genome mining and UHPLC\u2013QTOF\u2013MS\/MS to identify the potential antimicrobial compounds and determine the specificity of biosynthetic gene clusters in Bacillus subtilis NCD-2","volume":"21","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071483","article-title":"Potential Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Isolated from a Novel Niche Exhibits Broad Range Antibacterial Activity and Causes Virulence and Metabolic Dysregulation in Enterotoxic E. coli","volume":"9","author":"Sudan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01257-21","article-title":"A Novel Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Strain Confers Cytoprotection to Host Pig Intestinal Epithelial Cells during Enterotoxic Escherichia coli Infection","volume":"10","author":"Sudan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01257-21","article-title":"A Novel Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Strain Confers Cytoprotection to Host Pig Intestinal Epithelial Cells during Enterotoxic Escherichia coli Infection","volume":"10","author":"Sudan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020407","article-title":"Antimicrobial Properties of Bacillus Probiotics as Animal Growth Promoters","volume":"12","author":"Tran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiot. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2174\/1875414701003020024","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens Toxins Involved in Mammalian Veterinary Diseases","volume":"2","author":"Uzal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open. Toxinology J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib41","article-title":"Antifungal Mechanism of Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Bacillus subtilis CF-3 on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Assessed Using Omics Technology","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23804-7","article-title":"Evaluation of candidate reference genes stability for gene expression analysis by reverse transcription qPCR in Clostridium perfringens","volume":"12","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743_bib43","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens","author":"Yao","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Microbiological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0944501326003071?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0944501326003071?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T09:50:31Z","timestamp":1792230631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0944501326003071"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0944501326003071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743","relation":{},"ISSN":["0944-5013"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0944-5013","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Characterization of a novel strain of Bacillus subtilis and its antimicrobial activity against Clostridium perfringens","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Microbiological Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micres.2026.128743","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"128743"}}