{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T08:34:29Z","timestamp":1791102869282,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]],"date-time":"2005-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1128124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Micron"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,3]],"date-time":"2005-09-03T11:14:26Z","timestamp":1125746066000},"page":"566-582","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Effect of ultrastructural changes on the toughness of bone"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Jeffry S.","family":"Nyman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00004-3","article-title":"Fracture resistance of gamma radiation sterilized cortical bone allografts","volume":"19","author":"Akkus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10567","article-title":"Relationship between damage accumulation and mechanical property degradation in cortical bone: microcrack orientation is important","volume":"65","author":"Akkus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.6.1012","article-title":"Aging of microstructural compartments in human compact bone","volume":"18","author":"Akkus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2003.11.003","article-title":"Age-related changes in physicochemical properties of mineral crystals are related to impaired mechanical function of cortical bone","volume":"34","author":"Akkus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1159\/000141381","article-title":"Investigations on some physical properties of bone tissue","volume":"34","author":"Amprino","year":"1958","journal-title":"Acta Anatomica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555796","article-title":"Image analysis of collagen-associated mineral distribution in cryogenically prepared turkey leg tendons","volume":"48","author":"Arsenault","year":"1991","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1060180308","article-title":"Image analysis of mineralized and non-mineralized type I collagen fibrils","volume":"18","author":"Arsenault","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091580403","article-title":"The tensile properties of single osteons","volume":"158","author":"Ascenzi","year":"1967","journal-title":"The Anatomical Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091610309","article-title":"The compressive properties of single osteons","volume":"161","author":"Ascenzi","year":"1968","journal-title":"The Anatomical Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90023-V","article-title":"The bending properties of single osteons","volume":"23","author":"Ascenzi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90260-7","article-title":"The torsional properties of single selected osteons","volume":"27","author":"Ascenzi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900428","article-title":"X-ray diffraction on cyclically loaded osteons","volume":"62","author":"Ascenzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(99)00016-9","article-title":"Molecular changes in bone collagen in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis in the elderly","volume":"34","author":"Bailey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Experimental Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/288408a0","article-title":"Chemical cross-linking restrictions on models for the molecular organization of the collagen fibre","volume":"288","author":"Bailey","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-6374(98)00119-5","article-title":"Mechanisms of maturation and ageing of collagen","volume":"106","author":"Bailey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mechanisms of Ageing and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900683","article-title":"Age-related changes in the biochemical properties of human cancellous bone collagen: Relationship to bone strength","volume":"65","author":"Bailey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.2.3.363","article-title":"The structure of collagen molecules and fibrils","volume":"2","author":"Bear","year":"1956","journal-title":"Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(98)00104-5","article-title":"Intracortical remodeling in adult rat long bones after fatigue loading","volume":"23","author":"Bentolila","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(73)90961-3","article-title":"The thermal transition of a non-hydroxylated form of collagen. Evidence for a role for hydroxyproline in stabilizing the triple-helix of collagen","volume":"52","author":"Berg","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(85)90090-7","article-title":"Neutron diffraction studies of collagen in fully mineralized bone","volume":"181","author":"Bonar","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1468-2","article-title":"Bone mineral crystal size","volume":"14","author":"Boskey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Osteoporosis International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100160308","article-title":"Damage type and strain mode associations in human compact bone bending fatigue","volume":"16","author":"Boyce","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(90)90069-B","article-title":"The quantitative study of the orientation of collagen in compact bone slices","volume":"11","author":"Boyde","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1989.tb00211.x","article-title":"Osteogenesis imperfecta: Insufficient collagen synthesis in early childhood as evidenced by analysis of compact bone and fibroblast cultures","volume":"19","author":"Brenner","year":"1989","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)00184-6","article-title":"Material and compositional properties of selectively demineralized cortical bone","volume":"28","author":"Broz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1126\/science.635569","article-title":"The glycosylation of hemoglobin: relevance to diabetes mellitus","volume":"200","author":"Bunn","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199011000-00047","article-title":"Validity of the bulk-staining technique to separate artifactual from in vivo bone microdamage","volume":"260","author":"Burr","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(85)90204-0","article-title":"Bone remodeling in response to in vivo fatigue microdamage","volume":"18","author":"Burr","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.28.7.433","article-title":"Osteogenesis imperfecta: translation of mutation to phenotype","volume":"28","author":"Byers","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.2.264","article-title":"The material basis for reduced mechanical properties in oim mice bones","volume":"14","author":"Camacho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib31","series-title":"Tooth Enamel II: Its Composition, Properties, and Fundamental Structure","first-page":"14","article-title":"Identification of hydrate water in enamel, dentine, cementum, and bone","author":"Casciani","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-6009(92)90722-P","article-title":"Abnormal collagen and mineral formation in osteogenesis imperfecta","volume":"17","author":"Cassella","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bone and Mineral"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(94)90308-5","article-title":"An ultrastructural, microanalytical, and spectroscopic study of bone from a transgenic mouse with a COL1.A1 pro-alpha-1 mutation","volume":"15","author":"Cassella","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02526881","article-title":"A morphological and ultrastructural study of bone in osteogenesis imperfecta","volume":"58","author":"Cassella","year":"1996","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(19990615)45:4<327::AID-JBM7>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Characterization of the mechanical and ultrastructural properties of heat-treated cortical bone for use as a bone substitute","volume":"45","author":"Catanese","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Materials Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900630","article-title":"The effect of fluoride treatment on bone mineral in rabbits","volume":"64","author":"Chachra","year":"1999","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(96)84542-8","article-title":"Age-related differences in post-yield damage in human cortical bone. Experiment and model","volume":"29","author":"Courtney","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900397","article-title":"Mineralization and the expression of matrix proteins during in vivo bone development","volume":"62","author":"Cowles","year":"1998","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(69)90036-0","article-title":"The mechanical consequences of variation in the mineral content of bone","volume":"2","author":"Currey","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(79)90031-9","article-title":"Changes in the impact energy absorption of bone with age","volume":"12","author":"Currey","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1984.0042","article-title":"Effects of differences in mineralization on the mechanical properties of bone","volume":"304","author":"Currey","year":"1984","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s002230020040","article-title":"Bone strength: What are we trying to measure?","volume":"68","author":"Currey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00048-8","article-title":"The effects of ageing and changes in mineral content in degrading the toughness of human femora","volume":"29","author":"Currey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100150116","article-title":"Effects of ionizing radiation on the mechanical properties of human bone","volume":"15","author":"Currey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2720697","article-title":"Age-related thermal stability and susceptibility to proteolysis of rat bone collagen","volume":"272","author":"Danielsen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(94)90897-4","article-title":"Thermal stability of cortical bone collagen in relation to age in normal individuals and in individuals with osteoporosis","volume":"19","author":"Danielsen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000910302","article-title":"Compact bone as a non-isotropic material","volume":"91","author":"Dempster","year":"1952","journal-title":"American Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00219-6","article-title":"Changing the structurally effective mineral content of bone with in vitro fluoride treatment","volume":"35","author":"DePaula","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3109\/03008208909050008","article-title":"The effect of complexing phosphoproteins to decalcified collagen on in vitro calcification","volume":"21","author":"Endo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Connective Tissue Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib50","series-title":"Mechanical Properties of Bone","author":"Evans","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1951.3.9.563","article-title":"Regional differences in some of the physical properties of the human femur","volume":"3","author":"Evans","year":"1951","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(69)90042-6","article-title":"Relation of collagen fiber orientation to some mechanical properties of cortical bone","volume":"2","author":"Evans","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2520495","article-title":"Collagen cross-linking in human bone and articular cartilage. Age-related changes in the content of mature hydroxypyridinium residues","volume":"252","author":"Eyre","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(98)00111-2","article-title":"Three-Dimensional confocal images of microdamage in cancellous bone","volume":"23","author":"Fazzalari","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2835084","article-title":"A damage model for nonlinear tensile behavior of cortical bone","volume":"121","author":"Fondrk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib56","first-page":"339","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopy studies of collagen, mineral and ground substance in human cortical bone","author":"Frasca","year":"1981","journal-title":"Scanning Electron Microscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650070313","article-title":"Mineral crystals in calcified tissues: a comparative study by SAXS","volume":"7","author":"Fratzl","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118428","article-title":"Bone mineralization in an osteogenesis imperfecta mouse model studied by small-angle x-ray scattering","volume":"97","author":"Fratzl","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib59","first-page":"25","article-title":"Presence of microscopic cracks in vivo in bone","volume":"8","author":"Frost","year":"1960","journal-title":"Henry Ford Hospital Medical Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556330","article-title":"Twisted plywood architecture of collagen fibrils in human compact bone osteons","volume":"42","author":"Giraud-Guille","year":"1988","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib61","series-title":"Calcification in Biologic Systems","first-page":"421","article-title":"Specificity of the molecular structure of organic matrices in mineralization","author":"Glimcher","year":"1960"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib62","first-page":"49","article-title":"The nature of the mineral component of bone and the mechanism of calcification","volume":"36","author":"Glimcher","year":"1987","journal-title":"Instructional Course Lectures"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092240205","article-title":"Mechanism of calcification: Role of collagen fibrils and collagen-phosphoprotein complexes in vitro and in vivo","volume":"224","author":"Glimcher","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Anatomical Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10055","article-title":"Preferred collagen fiber orientation in the human mid-shaft femur","volume":"272","author":"Goldman","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00594-4","article-title":"Age- and genotype-dependence of bone material properties in the osteogenesis imperfecta murine model (oim)","volume":"29","author":"Grabner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01673403","article-title":"Age and disease-related changes in the mineral of bone","volume":"1","author":"Grynpas","year":"1993","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International 53 Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(92)90085-B","article-title":"The effect of fluoride treatment on bone mineral crystals in the rat","volume":"13","author":"Grynpas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00004148","article-title":"World-wide projections for hip fracture","volume":"7","author":"Gullberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Osteoporosis International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.78B3.0780363","article-title":"Biochemical properties of cortical allograft bone using a new method of bone strength measurement. A comparison of fresh, fresh-frozen and irradiated bone","volume":"78","author":"Hamer","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery British"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.81B2.9083","article-title":"Changes in allograft bone irradiated at different temperatures","volume":"81","author":"Hamer","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery British Volume"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib71","series-title":"Treatise on collagen","first-page":"73","article-title":"Amino acid sequences in collagen","author":"Hannig","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-002-0025-9","article-title":"Average hydroxyapatite concentration is uniform in the extracollagenous ultrastructure of mineralized tissues: Evidence at the 1-10-microm scale","volume":"2","author":"Hellmich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3109\/03008208909050004","article-title":"Molecular models illustrating the possible distributions of \u2019holes\u2019 in simple systematically staggered arrays of type I collagen molecules in native-type fibrils","volume":"21","author":"Hodge","year":"1989","journal-title":"Connective Tissue Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib74","series-title":"Aspects of protein structure","first-page":"299","article-title":"Recent studies with the electron microscope on ordered aggregates of the tropocollagen macromolecule","author":"Hodge","year":"1963"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880502800111","article-title":"The influence of X-ray radiation on the mineral\/organic matrix interaction of bone tissue: An FT-IR microscopic investigation","volume":"28","author":"Hubner","year":"2005","journal-title":"The International Journal of Artificial Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1006\/jsbi.2002.4450","article-title":"Building collagen molecules, fibrils, and suprafibrillar structures","volume":"137","author":"Hulmes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(95)80391-7","article-title":"Radial packing, order, and disorder in collagen fibrils","volume":"68","author":"Hulmes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biophysical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8562","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.18.8562","article-title":"Nucleation of hydroxyapatite by bone sialoprotein","volume":"90","author":"Hunter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100140320","article-title":"Type-I collagen mutation compromises the post-yield behavior of Mov13 long bone","volume":"14","author":"Jepsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00088-2","article-title":"Type I collagen mutation alters the strength and fatigue behavior of Mov13 cortical tissue","volume":"30","author":"Jepsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1490-4","article-title":"Mortality after osteoporotic fractures","volume":"15","author":"Johnell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoporosis International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1159\/000177774","article-title":"Impaired mechanical strength of bone in experimental copper deficiency","volume":"37","author":"Jonas","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00454244","article-title":"Growth changes of collagen cross-linking, calcium, and water content in bone","volume":"104","author":"Jonsson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib84","first-page":"S295","article-title":"Role of collagen and hydroxyapatite in the mechanical behavior of bone tissue","volume":"11","author":"Joseph Catanes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070064","article-title":"Long-term risk of osteoporotic fracture in Malmo","volume":"11","author":"Kanis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoporosis International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(73)90230-1","article-title":"Structure and function of bone collagen fibrils","volume":"80","author":"Katz","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00279-2","article-title":"Collagen cross-links in mineralizing tissues: A review of their chemistry, function, and clinical relevance","volume":"22","author":"Knott","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3101045","article-title":"Biochemical changes in the collagenous matrix of osteoporotic avian bone","volume":"310","author":"Knott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib89","first-page":"13","article-title":"Influence of preservation on some mechanical properties of human haversian bone","volume":"8","author":"Komender","year":"1976","journal-title":"Materia Medica Polona"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00169-6","article-title":"Tensile damage and its effects on cortical bone","volume":"36","author":"Kotha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib91","first-page":"321","article-title":"Varying the mechanical properties of bone tissue by changing the amount of its structurally effective bone mineral content","volume":"8","author":"Kotha","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bio-medical Materials and Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-8130(03)00071-0","article-title":"Changes in thermal and electrical properties of bone as a result of 1 MGy-dose gamma-irradiation","volume":"33","author":"Kubisz","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(78)80074-4","article-title":"Electron diffraction and electron probe microanalysis of the mineral phase of bone tissue prepared by anhydrous techniques","volume":"63","author":"Landis","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Ultrastructure Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1006\/jsbi.1993.1003","article-title":"Mineral and organic matrix interaction in normally calcifying tendon visualized in three dimensions by high-voltage electron microscopic tomography and graphic image reconstruction","volume":"110","author":"Landis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19960201)33:2<192::AID-JEMT9>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Structural relations between collagen and mineral in bone as determined by high voltage electron microscopic tomography","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microscopy Research and Technique"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1006\/jsbi.1996.0066","article-title":"Mineralization of collagen may occur on fibril surfaces: Evidence from conventional and high-voltage electron microscopy and three-dimensional imaging","volume":"117","author":"Landis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02409497","article-title":"A mixed packing model for bone collagen","volume":"33","author":"Lees","year":"1981","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-8130(84)90017-5","article-title":"A study of dense mineralized tissue by neutron diffraction","volume":"6","author":"Lees","year":"1984","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555221","article-title":"Equatorial diffraction spacing as a function of water content in fully mineralized cow bone determined by neutron diffraction","volume":"39","author":"Lees","year":"1986","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3109\/03008208809019071","article-title":"The locus of mineral crystallites in bone","volume":"18","author":"Lees","year":"1988","journal-title":"Connective Tissue Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-6009(92)90710-U","article-title":"X-ray diffraction by collagen in the fully mineralized cortical bone of cow tibia","volume":"17","author":"Lees","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bone and Mineral"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02013245","article-title":"Types of \u201cH2O\u201d in human enamel and in precipitated apatites","volume":"26","author":"LeGeros","year":"1978","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200006000-00026","article-title":"Complications of irradiated allografts in orthopaedic tumor surgery","volume":"375","author":"Lietman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00273-8","article-title":"Evidence of hydroxyl-ion deficiency in bone apatites: An inelastic neutron-scattering study","volume":"26","author":"Loong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib104","series-title":"On Biomineralization","author":"Lowenstam","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556154","article-title":"A correlation between the distribution of biological apatite and amino acid sequence of type I collagen","volume":"48","author":"Maitland","year":"1991","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/12\/3\/309","article-title":"Dielectric determination of bound water of bone","volume":"12","author":"Marino","year":"1967","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02012537","article-title":"Quantitative analysis on the rate of secondary bone mineralization","volume":"10","author":"Marotti","year":"1972","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib108","series-title":"Structure, Function, and Adaptation of Compact Bone","author":"Martin","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(96)00082-6","article-title":"Collagen fiber organization is related to mechanical properties and remodeling in equine bone. A comparison of two methods","volume":"29","author":"Martin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00213-W","article-title":"Evidence of strain-mode-related cortical adaptation in the diaphysis of the horse radius","volume":"17","author":"Mason","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650070902","article-title":"Perspective. How many women have osteoporosis?","volume":"7","author":"Melton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.6.1139","article-title":"Adverse outcomes of osteoporotic fractures in the general population","volume":"18","author":"Melton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1984.0040","article-title":"Collagen: the organic matrix of bone","volume":"304","author":"Miller","year":"1984","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119519","article-title":"Collagen from the osteogenesis imperfecta mouse model (oim) shows reduced resistance against tensile stress","volume":"100","author":"Misof","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200412000-00010","article-title":"The effect of gamma radiation sterilization on the fatigue crack propagation resistance of human cortical bone","volume":"86","author":"Mitchell","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American Volume"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(93)90235-3","article-title":"Increased intracortical remodeling following fatigue damage","volume":"14","author":"Mori","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196648010-00014","article-title":"Bone density and compostiton. Age-related and pathological changes in water and mineral content","volume":"48","author":"Mueller","year":"1966","journal-title":"The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American Volume"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00278-3","article-title":"Effect of orientation on the in vitro fracture toughness of dentin: the role of toughening mechanisms","volume":"24","author":"Nalla","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat832","article-title":"Mechanistic fracture criteria for the failure of human cortical bone","volume":"2","author":"Nalla","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib120","first-page":"261","article-title":"Microstructural strain near osteocyte lacuna in cortical bone in vitro","volume":"2","author":"Nicolella","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib121","series-title":"Extracellular Matrix: Chemistry, Biology, and Pathobiology with Emphasis on the Liver","first-page":"121","article-title":"Fibrillar Collagens: Their Biosynthesis, Molecular Structure, and Mode of Assembly","author":"Nimni","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.1977.360160202","article-title":"Interaction of water with native collagen","volume":"16","author":"Nomura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(98)00103-3","article-title":"Influence of microdamage on fracture toughness of the human femur and tibia","volume":"23","author":"Norman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyman, J. S., Roy, A., Shen, X.-m., Acuna, R. L., Tyler, J. H., Wang, X., 2005. The influence of water removal on the strength and toughness of cortical bone. Journal of Biomechanics, In press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.01.012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365S","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00328-B","article-title":"Reduced concentrations of collagen cross-links are associated with reduced strength of bone","volume":"17","author":"Oxlund","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(96)00283-9","article-title":"Reduced concentration of collagen reducible cross links in human trabecular bone with respect to age and osteoporosis","volume":"19","author":"Oxlund","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017916800421","article-title":"Diffuse damage accumulation in the fracture process zone of human cortical bone specimens and its influence on fracture toughness","volume":"12","author":"Parsamian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198304000-00009","article-title":"Biomechanical properties of bone allografts","volume":"174","author":"Pelker","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.1978.360171205","article-title":"Water\u2013collagen interactions: calorimetric and mechanical experiments","volume":"17","author":"Pineri","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1969.49.4.760","article-title":"Crystal chemistry of bone mineral","volume":"49","author":"Posner","year":"1969","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/78.8.1232","article-title":"Comparative differences in the composition and biomechanical properties of tibiae of seven- and seventy-two-week-old male and female broiler breeder chickens","volume":"78","author":"Rath","year":"1999","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16051-0","article-title":"Osteogenesis imperfecta","volume":"363","author":"Rauch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00101-I","article-title":"Hydroxyl groups in bone mineral","volume":"16","author":"Rey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4533(98)00007-1","article-title":"Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone","volume":"20","author":"Rho","year":"1998","journal-title":"Medical Engineering & Physics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00195760","article-title":"Functional associations between collagen fibre orientation and locomotor strain direction in cortical bone of the equine radius","volume":"187","author":"Riggs","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anatomy and Embryology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib136","first-page":"239","article-title":"Mechanical implications of collagen fibre orientation in cortical bone of the equine radius","volume":"187","author":"Riggs","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anatomy and Embryology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib137","first-page":"263","article-title":"Physiocochemical structure of bone","volume":"125","author":"Robinson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib138","first-page":"10","article-title":"Bone tissue: composition and function","volume":"145","author":"Robinson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091140302","article-title":"Collagen-crystal relationships in bone as seen in the electron microscope","volume":"114","author":"Robinson","year":"1952","journal-title":"The Anatomical Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)76639-8","article-title":"X-ray analysis of bone and teeth","volume":"90","author":"Roseberry","year":"1931","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.19.2325","article-title":"Sustained-release sodium fluoride in the treatment of the elderly with established osteoporosis","volume":"161","author":"Rubin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005829","article-title":"Abnormal mineral composition of osteogenesis imperfecta bone as determined by electron probe X-ray microanalysis on conventional and cryosections","volume":"65","author":"Sarathchandra","year":"1999","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(91)82278-0","article-title":"Proton NMR spin grouping and exchange in dentin","volume":"59","author":"Schreiner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biophysical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3109\/17453676608989401","article-title":"Factors affecting the determination of the physical properties of femoral cortical bone","volume":"37","author":"Sedlin","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.3.6.1011","article-title":"Electron microscope studies of crystal-collagen relationships in bone. IV. The occurrence of crystals within collagen fibrils","volume":"3","author":"Sheldon","year":"1957","journal-title":"Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00158-X","article-title":"In vitro sodium fluoride exposure decreases torsional and bending strength and increases ductility of mouse femora","volume":"33","author":"Silva","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100090202","article-title":"Age-related changes in the human femoral cortex","volume":"9","author":"Simmons","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib148","first-page":"503","article-title":"Factors affecting the elasticity of bone","volume":"93","author":"Smith","year":"1959","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)80028-O","article-title":"Effects of fluoride on rat vertebral body biomechanical competence and bone mass","volume":"16","author":"Sogaard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(81)90037-4","article-title":"Osteonectin, a bone-specific protein linking mineral to collagen","volume":"26","author":"Termine","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02012759","article-title":"Bone water","volume":"23","author":"Timmins","year":"1977","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3233(08)60281-8","article-title":"The chemistry and structure of collagen","volume":"25","author":"Traub","year":"1971","journal-title":"Advances in Protein Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9822","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.24.9822","article-title":"Three-dimensional ordered distribution of crystals in turkey tendon collagen fibers","volume":"86","author":"Traub","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0945-053X(94)90200-3","article-title":"Ultrastructural studies of bones from patients with osteogenesis imperfecta","volume":"14","author":"Traub","year":"1994","journal-title":"Matrix Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(96)00278-5","article-title":"High fluoride intakes cause osteomalacia and diminished bone strength in rats with renal deficiency","volume":"19","author":"Turner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8043(02)00171-9","article-title":"Neutron activation analysis of calcium\/phosphorus ratio in rib bone of healthy humans","volume":"57","author":"Tzaphlidou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00029-8","article-title":"Crack growth resistance in cortical bone: Concept of microcrack toughening","volume":"30","author":"Vashishth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00010-5","article-title":"Contribution, development and morphology of microcracking in cortical bone during crack propagation","volume":"33","author":"Vashishth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00434-8","article-title":"Influence of nonenzymatic glycation on biomechanical properties of cortical bone","volume":"28","author":"Vashishth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(02)00319-6","article-title":"Experimental validation of a microcracking-based toughening mechanism for cortical bone","volume":"36","author":"Vashishth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650060512","article-title":"Osteogenesis imperfecta: changes in noncollagenous proteins in bone","volume":"6","author":"Vetter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650080203","article-title":"Collagen crosslinks and mineral crystallinity in bone of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta","volume":"8","author":"Vetter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650091020","article-title":"Small-angle x-ray scattering study of dispersed crystals from bone and tendon","volume":"9","author":"Wachtel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(94)90263-1","article-title":"Compressive properties of cortical bone: Mineral-organic interfacial bonding","volume":"15","author":"Walsh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02368247","article-title":"The effect of in vitro fluoride ion treatment on the ultrasonic properties of cortical bone","volume":"22","author":"Walsh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00047-X","article-title":"The role of collagen in determining bone mechanical properties","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-001-1082-2","article-title":"Effects of collagen unwinding and cleavage on the mechanical integrity of the collagen network in bone","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00697-4","article-title":"Age-related changes in the collagen network and toughness of bone","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1114\/1.1623488","article-title":"Age-related changes of noncalcified collagen in human cortical bone","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00053-7","article-title":"Rotated plywood structure of primary lamellar bone in the rat: orientations of the collagen fibril arrays","volume":"20","author":"Weiner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(86)80993-0","article-title":"Organization of hydroxyapatite crystals within collagen fibrils","volume":"206","author":"Weiner","year":"1986","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.matsci.28.1.271","article-title":"The material bone: Structure-mechanical function relations","volume":"28","author":"Weiner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annual Review of Material Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1006\/jsbi.1999.4107","article-title":"Lamellar bone: Structure-function relations","volume":"126","author":"Weiner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Structural Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1974.226.2.345","article-title":"Electron microprobe measurements of bone mineralization rate in vivo","volume":"226","author":"Wergedal","year":"1974","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(81)90058-0","article-title":"Permanent deformation of compact bone monitored by acoustic emission","volume":"14","author":"Wright","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib176","series-title":"Strength of Biological Materials","author":"Yamada","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib177","series-title":"Calcium and Phosphorus in Health and Disease","first-page":"127","article-title":"Collagen: The major matrix molecule in mineralized tissues","author":"Yamauchi","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3109\/03008208909050006","article-title":"Cross-linking and stereospecific structure of collagen in mineralized and nonmineralized skeletal tissues","volume":"21","author":"Yamauchi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Connective Tissue Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20000905)51:3<504::AID-JBM27>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Calculation of porosity and osteonal cement line effects on the effective fracture toughness of cortical bone in longitudinal crack growth","volume":"51","author":"Yeni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Materials Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00173-7","article-title":"The influence of bone morphology on fracture toughness of the human femur and tibia","volume":"21","author":"Yeni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00227-5","article-title":"Influence of bone composition and apparent density on fracture toughness of the human femur and tibia","volume":"22","author":"Yeni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8043(02)00066-0","article-title":"Determination of calcium, phosphorus, and the calcium\/phosphorus ratio in cortical bone from the human femoral neck by neutron activation analysis","volume":"56","author":"Zaichick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Applied Radiation and Isotopes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.2001.00783.x","article-title":"Accumulation of in-vivo fatigue microdamage and its relation to biomechanical properties in ageing human cortical bone","volume":"201","author":"Zioupos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Microscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1106\/5JUJ-TFJ3-JVVA-3RJ0","article-title":"Ageing human bone: Factors affecting its biomechanical properties and the role of collagen","volume":"15","author":"Zioupos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Biomaterials Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/1350-4533(94)90039-6","article-title":"An examination of the micromechanics of failure of bone and antler by acoustic emission tests and laser scanning confocal microscopy","volume":"16","author":"Zioupos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Medical Engineering & Physics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199905)45:2<108::AID-JBM5>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"The role of collagen in the declining mechanical properties of aging human cortical bone","volume":"45","author":"Zioupos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Materials Research"}],"container-title":["Micron"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0968432805001071?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0968432805001071?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T10:22:02Z","timestamp":1683195722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0968432805001071"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"references-count":187,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7-8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0968432805001071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0968-4328"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0968-4328","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}}}