{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T23:42:35Z","timestamp":1789947755517,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["APP1025099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1025099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Midwifery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]],"date-time":"2014-09-16T01:54:51Z","timestamp":1410832491000},"page":"239-246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Sources, responses and moderators of childbirth fear in Australian women: A qualitative investigation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Fenwick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Toohill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.K.","family":"Creedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Gamble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/1354850031000087546","article-title":"Commentary on \u2018Post-traumatic stress following childbirth: a review of the emerging literature and directions for research and practice\u2019","volume":"8","author":"Ayers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2007.00170.x","article-title":"The effects of childbirth self-efficacy and anxiety during pregnancy on prehospitalization labor","volume":"36","author":"Beebe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09113-4","article-title":"Responding to fear of childbirth","volume":"359","author":"Bewley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1071\/AH060056","article-title":"Future directions for Victoria\u05f3s public maternity services: \u2018is this what women want?\u2019","volume":"30","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust. Health Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2003.tb00375.x","article-title":"Having a baby in Victoria 1989\u20132000: women\u05f3s views of public and private models of care","volume":"27","author":"Bruinsma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2007.00203.x","article-title":"Predictors of women\u05f3s perceptions of the childbirth experience","volume":"37","author":"Bryanton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-004-0053-9","article-title":"Influence of depressive symptomatology on maternal health service utilization and general health","volume":"7","author":"Dennis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/01674820400023275","article-title":"Experiential factors associated with childbirth-related fear in Swedish women and men: a population based study","volume":"26","author":"Eriksson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2010.10.013","article-title":"The relationship between prenatal control, expectations, experienced control, and birth satisfaction among primiparous women","volume":"28","author":"Fair","year":"2012","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-190","article-title":"Study protocol for reducing childbirth fear: a midwife-led psycho-education intervention","volume":"13","author":"Fenwick","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2006.03991_1.x","article-title":"Reframing birth: a consequence of cesarean section","volume":"56","author":"Fenwick","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2008.02568.x","article-title":"Pre- and postpartum levels of childbirth fear and the relationship to birth outcomes in a cohort of Australian women","volume":"18","author":"Fenwick","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2008.10.011","article-title":"Why do women request caesarean section in a normal, healthy first pregnancy?","volume":"26","author":"Fenwick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2007.04.004","article-title":"A counselling model for postpartum women after distressing birth experiences","volume":"25","author":"Gamble","year":"2009","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib15","unstructured":"Gibbons, L., Belizan, J., Lauer, J., Betran, A., Merialdi, M., Althabe, F., 2010. The Global Numbers and Costs of Additionally Needed and Unnecessary Caesarean Sections Performed per Year: Overuse as a Barrier to Universal Coverage. World Health Report. Background Paper, No 30. World Health Organisation. Retrieved 22nd January, 2014, from: \u3008http:\/\/www.who.int\/healthsystems\/topics\/financing\/healthreport\/30C-sectioncosts.pdf\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2009.01054.x","article-title":"Childbirth fear, anxiety, fatigue, and sleep deprivation in pregnant women","volume":"38","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340802482978","article-title":"Cesarean by choice? Empirical study of public attitudes","volume":"87","author":"Hallgberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.79.935.505","article-title":"Fear of pregnancy and childbirth","volume":"79","author":"Hofberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/01.grf.0000132527.62504.ca","article-title":"Fear of childbirth, tocophobia, and mental health in mothers: the obstetric\u2013psychiatric interface","volume":"47","author":"Hofberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12129","article-title":"Maternal and infant outcome after caesarean section without recorded medical indication: findings from a Swedish case-control study","volume":"120","author":"Karlstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJOG: Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2010.05.005","article-title":"Behind the myth \u2013 few women prefer caesarean section in the absence of medical or obstetrical factors","volume":"27","author":"Karlstrom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/02646830802408498","article-title":"Fear of childbirth in obstetrically low-risk nulliparous women in Sweden & Denmark","volume":"26","author":"Kjaergaard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infant Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2006.00110.x","article-title":"Why do women go along with this stuff?","volume":"33","author":"Klein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494809105027","article-title":"What characterizes women in Norway who wish to have a caesarean section?","volume":"37","author":"Kringeland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib25","unstructured":"Laws, P., Sullivan, E., 2005. Australia\u05f3s Mothers and Babies 2003. AIHW Cat. No. Per 29. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare National Perinatal Statistics Unit, Sydney. Online. Available at: \u3008http:\/\/www.npsu.unsw.edu.au\/ps16high.htm\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib26","series-title":"Saving Mothers\u05f3 Lives: Reviewing Maternal Deaths to Make Motherhood Safer 2003\u20132005. The 7th Report on Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom","author":"Lewis","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib27","series-title":"Australia\u05f3s Mothers and Babies 2011. Perinatal Statistics Series no. 28. Cat. no. PER 59","author":"Li","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3109\/01674820009085591","article-title":"Self-efficacy for labor and childbirth fears in nulliparous pregnant women","volume":"21","author":"Lowe","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2006.00147.x","article-title":"Elective caesarean section and decision making: a critical review of the literature","volume":"34","author":"McCourt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2006.00107.x","article-title":"Maternal request for cesarean section due to fear of birth: can it be changed through crisis-oriented counseling?","volume":"33","author":"Nerum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340902998436","article-title":"Women\u05f3s fear of childbirth and preference for cesarean section \u2013 a cross-sectional study at various stages of pregnancy in Sweden","volume":"88","author":"Nieminen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2008.00225.x","article-title":"Impact of first childbirth on changes in women\u05f3s preference for mode of delivery: follow-up of a longitudinal observational study","volume":"35","author":"Pang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib33","series-title":"Essentials of Nursing Research: Methods, Appraisal, and Utilization","author":"Polit","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.02002.x","article-title":"Fear of childbirth according to parity, gestational age, and obstetric history","volume":"116","author":"Rouhe","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.820102.x","article-title":"An evaluation of midwives\u05f3 counseling of pregnant women in fear of childbirth","volume":"82","author":"Ryding","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/1552-6909.12024","article-title":"Self-efficacy in pregnant women with severe fear of childbirth","volume":"42","author":"Salomonsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610701337916","article-title":"The rising caesarean section rate: a loss of obstetric skill?","volume":"27","author":"Savage","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2009.00310.x","article-title":"It\u05f3s all the rage these days: university students attitudes toward vaginal and cesarean birth","volume":"36","author":"Stoll","year":"2009","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib39","unstructured":"Toohill, J., Fenwick, J., Gamble, J., et al. A randomized controlled trial of a psycho-education intervention by midwives in reducing childbirth fear in pregnant women. Birth, 10.1111\/birt.12136, in press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-275","article-title":"Prevalence of childbirth fear in an Australian sample of pregnant women","volume":"14","author":"Toohill","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68704-7","article-title":"Caesarean delivery rates and pregnancy outcomes: the 2005 WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health in Latin America","volume":"367","author":"Villar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0730-7659.2004.0270.x","article-title":"A negative birth experinece:prevalence and risk factors in a national sample","volume":"31","author":"Waldenstrom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.00950.x","article-title":"Antenatal fear of childbirth and its association with subsequent caesarean section and experience of childbirth","volume":"113","author":"Waldenstrom","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3109\/01674829809048501","article-title":"Psychometric aspects of the W-DEQ: a new questionnaire for the measurement of fear of childbirth","volume":"19","author":"Wijma","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/02646830903190946","article-title":"Birth attendant choice and satisfaction with antenatal care: the role of birth philosophy, relational style, and health self-efficacy","volume":"28","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infant Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib46","first-page":"436","article-title":"Appropriate technology for birth","volume":"2","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/02845710121310","article-title":"Pre- and postpartum fear of childbirth in nulliparous and parous women","volume":"30","author":"Zar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand. J. Behav. Ther."}],"container-title":["Midwifery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0266613814002290?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0266613814002290?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T15:47:08Z","timestamp":1759420028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0266613814002290"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0266613814002290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-6138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-6138","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sources, responses and moderators of childbirth fear in Australian women: A qualitative investigation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Midwifery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2014.09.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}