{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:21:26Z","timestamp":1761744086535,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]],"date-time":"2015-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]],"date-time":"2015-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Midwifery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]],"date-time":"2015-02-24T14:56:28Z","timestamp":1424789788000},"page":"547-553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Belgian, French and Dutch midwife on trial: A critical case study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Marlies","family":"Eggermont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.03.011","article-title":"Twenty-five years after the FIGO guidelines for the use of fetal monitoring: time for a simplified approach?","volume":"110","author":"Ayres-de-Campos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"year":"2009","series-title":"Is er nog toekomst voor bevallingen in de huisartsgeneeskunde (Future for GP\u2019s assisting deliveries)?","author":"Beersmans","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2014.68.102-105","article-title":"Cardiotocography in the prognosis of perinatal outcome","volume":"68","author":"Bogdanovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Arch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.05.026","article-title":"Placental abruption: risk factors, management and maternal-fetal prognosis. Cohort study over 10 years","volume":"179","author":"Boisram\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib5","unstructured":"Case Law Adequate Fetal Monitoring (Upper Tribunal Case-law): Court of appeal Arnhem (NL) September 2012, case number 200.035.797, LJN BX8853; Court of appeal \u2019s-Hertogenbosch (NL) 19 June 2012, case number 200.073.005, LJN BW8927; Court of appeal Aix-en-Provence (FR) 11 April 2011, cassation appeal rejected by Court of Cassation 16 May 2012, N\u00b0 11-83834 en 2 May 2012, N\u00b0 11-84017; Court of appeal Toulouse (FR) 4 April 2011, case number 09\/06345; Court of appeal Nancy (FR) 13 January 2011, case number 03\/00130 and 03\/00371; Indictment Chamber Angers (FR) 24 November 2010, cassation appeal rejected by Court of Cassation 4 October 2011, N\u00b0 11-80.195; Court of appeal Amsterdam 3 August 2010, case number 106.003.178; Court of appeal Aix-en-Provence 24 June 2009, case number 07\/08710; Court of appeal Nancy 15 June 2009, case number 03\/01417 and 04\/03536; Court of appeal Brussels 20 March 2009, case number 97W04; Court of appeal Arnhem (NL) 22 May 2007 and 21 January 2003, case number 2001\/580, LJN BA5776; Court of appeal Montpellier (FR) 19 September 2006, case number 05\/03420; Court of appeal Amsterdam 4 November 2004, 2005. Tijdschrift voor Gezondheidsrecht, 243\u2013246; Court of appeal Leeuwarden (NL) 20 November 2002, case number 9900134, LJN AF0928; Court of appeal Paris 24 January 2002, cassation appeal rejected by Court of Cassation 12 October 2004, N\u00b0 02-14692; Court of appeal Liege (BE) 31 January 2000, 2000\u20132001. Tijdschrift voor Gezondheidsrecht, 382; Court of appeal Ghent (BE) 26 March 1997, case number 81869, 1997\u20131998. Algemeen Juridisch Tijdschrift, 463\u2013468; Court of appeal Liege 26 March 1991, 1991. Pasicrisie Belge II, 132; Court of appeal Metz (FR) 27 February 1985, cassation appeal rejected by Court of Cassation 30 June 1987, N\u00b0 85-91736."},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib6.1","unstructured":"Case Law Adequate Fetal Monitoring (Lower Tribunal Case-law): Civil court Arnhem 20 October 2011, case number 218353, LJN BU4405"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib6.2","unstructured":"Civil court Brussels 9 February 2009, case number 96\/2712\/A"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib6.3","unstructured":"Criminal court Brussels 9 May 2008, case number BR.32.99.713\/01"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib6.4","unstructured":"Civil court Amsterdam 1 August 2007, case number 266095\/HA ZA 03-1295, LJN BB3691"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib6.5","unstructured":"Civil court Antwerp (BE) 12 May 2005, case number 97\/2177\/A"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib6.6","unstructured":"Civil court Namur (BE) 9 January 2002, case number 712\/95"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib6.7","unstructured":"Civil court 's-Hertogenbosch (NL) 16 November 2001, case number 16600\/HA ZA 97-1899, LJN AD6137"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib6.8","unstructured":"Criminal court Antwerp 24 November 2000, 2000-2001. Rechtskundig Weekblad, 1423"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib6.9","unstructured":"Criminal court Hasselt (BE) 24 December 1999, 2001-2002. Tijdschrift voor Gezondheidsrecht, 167"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib6.10","unstructured":"Case Law Adequate Fetal Monitoring (Lower Tribunal Case-law): Civil court Arnhem 20 October 2011, case number 218353, LJN BU4405; Civil court Brussels 9 February 2009, case number 96\/2712\/A; Criminal court Brussels 9 May 2008, case number BR.32.99.713\/01; Civil court Amsterdam 1 August 2007, case number 266095\/HA ZA 03-1295, LJN BB3691; Civil court Antwerp"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib6.11","unstructured":"(BE) 12 May 2005, case number 97\/2177\/A; Civil court Namur"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib6.12","unstructured":"(BE) 9 January 2002, case number 712\/95; Civil court 's-Hertogenbosch"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib6.13","unstructured":"(NL) 16 November 2001, case number 16600\/HA ZA 97-1899, LJN AD6137; Criminal court Antwerp 24 November 2000, 2000-2001. Rechtskundig Weekblad, 1423; Criminal court Hasselt"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib6.14","unstructured":"(BE) 24 December 1999, 2001-2002. Tijdschrift voor Gezondheidsrecht, 167; Criminal court Ghent 30 June 1995, 2003. Recht voor Verpleegkundigen en Vroedvrouwen. Kluwer, Mechelen, Belgium."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib7","unstructured":"Case Law ECHR: Eriksson v. Italy, no. 37900\/97, ECHR 1999-X; Powell v. the United Kingdom, no. 45305\/99, ECHR 2000-V; Lazzarini and Ghiacciv. Italy, no 53749\/00, ECHR 2002-XI; Byrzykowskiv. Poland, no. 11562\/05, ECHR 2006-VI."},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib8.1","unstructured":"Case Law Inadequate Fetal Monitoring (Upper Tribunal Case-law): Court of appeal Bordeaux (FR) 26 October 2009, case number 08\/00538"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib8.2","unstructured":"Court of appeal Bordeaux 5 January 2009, case number 07\/04848"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib8.3","unstructured":"Court of appeal Versailles 13 November 2008, case number 07\/00628"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib8.4","unstructured":"Court of appeal Ghent 7 December 2006, case number 2001\/2167, Intercontact 2007, 10 (no liability due to the lack of causality between the negligence and the entire damage)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib8.5","unstructured":"Court of appeal Pau (FR) 21 December 2000, cassation appeal rejected by Court of Cassation 10 July 2002, N\u00b0 01-10039"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib8.6","unstructured":"Court of appeal Bordeaux 2 July 1992, case number 170\/90"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib8.7","unstructured":"Court of appeal Liege 25 June 1986, Jurisprudence de Li\u00e8ge 1986, 674"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib8.8","unstructured":"Court of appeal Orl\u00e9ans (FR) 9 January 1975, cassation appeal rejected by Court of Cassation 1 June 1976, N\u00b0 75-11611 and 75-11976."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib9","unstructured":"Case Law Inadequate Fetal Monitoring (Lower Tribunal Case-law): Civil Court Ghent 31 May 2007, case number 06\/2090\/A (verdict of cancellation); Criminal court Ch\u00e2lons en Champagne (FR) 7 March 2001 (mentioned in Court of Cassation 24 November 2011, N\u00b0 10-26.549); Criminal court Saintes (FR) 26 October 1995, \u3008http:\/\/www.perinat-france.org\/upload\/professionnelle\/reseaux\/PACA\/Marseille\/reseau_perinat_sud\/journee\/RPS_30juin2006_Decroix.pdf\u3009; Criminal court Eupen (BE) 10 October 1994, 1995. Revue de jurisprudence de Li\u00e8ge, Mons et Bruxelles, 606\u2013607."},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib10.1","unstructured":"Case Law Late Referral: (abnormal fetal monitoring with meconial liquid) Court of appeal Angers 17 September 2008, case number 05\/1956"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib10.2","unstructured":"(umbilical cord prolapse) Court of appeal Versailles (FR) 19 January 2007, case number 03\/08089"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib10.3","unstructured":"(long duration expulsion phase) Court of appeal Antwerp 21 October 2002, 2007-2008. Tijdschrift voor Gezondheidsrecht, 390 and Court of appeal Besan\u00e7on (FR) 14 September 1993, cassation appeal rejected by Court of Cassation 30 October 1995, N\u00b0 93-20544, 93-20579 and 93-20786"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib10.4","unstructured":"(hyperkinetic-hypertonic uterine dysfunction) Court of appeal Rennes (FR) 1 July 1998, cassation appeal rejected by Court of Cassation 20 June 2000, N\u00b0 98-21283."},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib11.1","unstructured":"Case Law Immediate Referral: (abnormal fetal monitoring with meconium in the liquor) Court of appeal Antwerp 17 May 2013, case number 2010\/CO\/5 and Court of appeal Leeuwarden (NL) 3 November 2004, case number 0100091, LJN AR5199"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib11.2","unstructured":"(umbilical cord prolapse) Court of appeal Versailles 29 November 2007, case number 04\/02434 and Court of appeal Paris 13 October 2000, cassation appeal rejected by Court of Cassation 29 October 2002, N\u00b0 00-22684"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib11.3","unstructured":"(complication epidural anesthetic) Court of appeal Paris 27 January 2012, cassation appeal rejected by Court of Cassation 16 January 2013, N\u00b0 12-15452 and Court of appeal Versailles 18 May 2001, cassation appeal rejected by Court of Cassation 27 January 2004, N\u00b0 01-13499"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib11.4","unstructured":"(epileptic seizure) Civil court 's-Gravenhage (NL) 12 April 2000, case number 99\/870, LJN AA5464"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib11.5","unstructured":"(Hellp syndrome) Court of appeal 's-Gravenhage 28 April 2009, case number 105.001.264, LJN BI4768"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib11.6","unstructured":"(vomiting and colicky pain) Court of appeal Ghent 30 November 2004, case number 1102\/2003"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib11.7","unstructured":"(febrile syndrome) Court of appeal Versailles 23 February 2006, cassation appeal rejected by Court of Cassation 13 February 2007, N\u00b0 06-82264 and Court of appeal Dijon (FR) 18 May 2004, partially overturned by Court of Cassation 7 February 2006, N\u00b0 04-17056."},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib12.1","unstructured":"Case Law Placental Abruption: Court of appeal Brussels 23 November 2010, case number 2007\/388"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib12.2","unstructured":"Court of appeal Bordeaux 10 April 2008, case number 07\/00968"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib12.3","unstructured":"Court of appeal Brussels 10 October 2007, case number 2005\/1067."},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib13.1","unstructured":"Case Law Good Response to Shoulder Dystocia: Court of appeal Basse-Terre (FR) 12 December 2011, case number 08\/00864"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib13.2","unstructured":"Court of appeal Versailles 29 May 2008, case number 06\/05948"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib13.3","unstructured":"Court of appeal Antwerp 27 November 2006, 2008-2009. Tijdschrijft voor Gezondheidsrecht, 132"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib13.4","unstructured":"Court of appeal Bordeaux 11 January 1993, appeal rejected by Court of Cassation 26 March 1996, N\u00b0 94-10951"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib13.5","unstructured":"Court of appeal Lyon (FR) 2 July 1986, cassation appeal rejected by Court of Cassation 18 January 1989, N\u00b0 87-11875."},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib14.1","unstructured":"Case Law Uterine Rupture: Court of appeal Metz (FR) 24 September 2009, case number 07\/00780"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib14.2","unstructured":"Court of appeal Fort-de-France (Cayenne) (FR) 23 June 1997, Court of Cassation 14 October 1998, N\u00b0 97-84648"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib14.3","unstructured":"Indictment Chamber Aix-en-Provence 13 January 1994, Court of Cassation 30 November 1994, N\u00b0 94-81093"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib14.4","unstructured":"Court of appeal Rennes 5 November 1986, cassation appeal rejected by Court of Cassation 20 December 1988, N\u00b0 87-10327."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib15","unstructured":"Circular N\u00b0 DGOS\/RH4\/2014\/92 of 10 April 2014 concerning the execution of an independent statute for the midwives working in hospitals, \u3008http:\/\/www.ordre-sages-femmes.fr\/NET\/img\/upload\/2\/1814_GPACT-jour-circu-140410-01.pdf\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2005.11.003","article-title":"A randomised-controlled trial evaluating a fetal monitoring education programme","volume":"22","author":"Devane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1163\/157180912X639125","article-title":"The choice of child delivery is a European human right","volume":"19","author":"Eggermont","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Health Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib18","series-title":"Human Rights in Civil Liberties in the 21st Century","first-page":"213","article-title":"The impact of European human rights on childbirth","author":"Eggermont","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2012.10.002","article-title":"Management and outcomes of trauma during pregnancy","volume":"31","author":"Einav","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiol. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.10.005","article-title":"Diagnosis of placental abruption: relationship between clinical and histopathological findings","volume":"148","author":"Elsassera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"year":"2001","series-title":"Midwifery in Europe. An Inventory in Fifteen EU Member States","author":"Emons","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib21"},{"year":"2008","series-title":"Handboek Gezondheidsrecht Deel II: Gezondheidszorg en Recht","author":"Gevers","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib22"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib23","unstructured":"Guidelines: (Belgium) Federal Knowledge Centre of Health Care, 2010. Report 139A Guideline for good clinical practice in low-risk deliveries. Retrieved 20 June 2014. \u3008https:\/\/kce.fgov.be\/sites\/default\/files\/page_documents\/kce_139a_richtlijn_laag_risico_bevalling.pdf\u3009; (France) For example recommendation 65 on high-risk pregnancies (December 2009) and recommendation 47 on inducing labour (April 2008), \u3008http:\/\/www.has-sante.fr\/portail\/jcms\/c_1101438\/fr\/tableau-des-recommandations-de-bonne-pratique\u3009 and clinical recommendations on \u3008http:\/\/www.cngof.asso.fr\u3009; (The Netherlands) Commission Obstetrics of the College for health insurances. 2003. Obstetric Vademecum. Retrieved 20 June 2014. \u3008http:\/\/www.nvog.nl\/vakinformatie\/Informatie\/Verloskundig+Vademecum.aspx\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.05.004","article-title":"Signs, symptoms and complications of complete and partial uterine ruptures during pregnancy and delivery","volume":"179","author":"Guiliano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1357-9","article-title":"Uterine rupture in pregnancy: a five-year study","volume":"283","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2006.08.019","article-title":"Pregnant women\u2019s views about choice of intrapartum monitoring of the fetal heart rate: a questionnaire survey","volume":"45","author":"Hindley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Nursing Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmwh.2006.02.008","article-title":"English midwives\u2019 views and experiences of intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring in women at low obstetric risk: conflicts and compromises","volume":"51","author":"Hindley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Midwifery & Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib28","series-title":"Shoulder Dystocia and Birth Injury","first-page":"269","article-title":"The midwifery view of shoulder dystocia","author":"Mercer","year":"2009"},{"year":"2005","series-title":"Multidisciplinary Collaborative Primary Maternity Care Project. Current Practice in Europe and Australia. A Descriptive Study","author":"Kateman","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib29"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2010.01308.x","article-title":"Clinical significances of magnetic resonance imaging in prenatal diagnosis of vasa previa in a woman with bilobed placentas","volume":"37","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib31","unstructured":"Legislation Legal Competence Midwife: (Belgium) article 21octiesdecies Royal Decree number 78 of 11 November 1967 concerning the exercise of the healthcare professions and Royal Decree of 1 February 1991 concerning the exercise of the profession of a midwife (the competence of pelvic floor re-education and doing an ultra sound is not in force yet); (France) Article L4151-1 to L4151-10 Public Health Code (Decree n\u00b053-1001 of 5 October 1953) and article R.4127-301 to R.4127-367 Code of ethics for midwives (Decree n\u00b049-1351 of 30 September 1949); (The Netherlands) Article 36 Law on individual healthcare professions of 11 November 1993 and Decree of 3 July 2008 on the education and expertise of the midwife."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib32","unstructured":"Legislation and Guidelines on Fetal Monitoring: (in general) Art. 24 EU Directive 2005\/36\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications; (Belgium) Art. 4, 6\u00b0 and 8\u00b0 Royal Decree of 1 February 1991 concerning the exercise of the profession of a midwife; (France) Art. R.4127-318 Code de la sant\u00e9 publique and Guidelines on fetal monitoring of the French obstetricians of 2007 (CNGOF, Coll\u00e8ge National des Gyn\u00e9cologues et Obst\u00e9triciens Fran\u00e7ais), \u3008http:\/\/www.cngof.asso.fr.\/\u3009; (The Netherlands) Guidelines on fetal monitoring of the Dutch obstetricians of 2014 (NVOG, Nederlandse Vereniging voor Obstetrie en Gynaecologie), \u3008http:\/\/nvog-documenten.nl\/index.php?pagina=\/richtlijn\/item\/pagina.php&richtlijn_id=941\u3009. Legislation medication: (Belgium) Royal Decree of 15 December 2013 concerning the list of drugs the midwife may prescribe; (France) Ministerial Decree of 4 February 2013 concerning the list of medication the midwives may prescribe; (The Netherlands) Regulation of 9 April 2009 MEVA\/BO-2911171 on the equipment, medication and tools concerning the expertise of the midwife."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2013.12.007","article-title":"Quantitative comparison of entropy analysis of fetal heart rate variability related to the different stages of labor","volume":"90","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gyobfe.2014.05.001","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of cesarean scar pregnancy","volume":"42","author":"Nguyen-Xuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gyn\u00e9cologie Obst\u00e9trique Fertilit\u00e9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2013.06.013","article-title":"Change in primary midwife-led care in the Netherlands in 2000\u20132008: a descriptive study of caesarean sections and other interventions among 789,795 low risk births","volume":"30","author":"Offerhaus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000349","article-title":"Outcomes of effective transmission of electronic prenatal records from the office to the hospital","volume":"124","author":"Pham-Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-012-2413-4","article-title":"Intrapartum signal quality with external fetal heart rate monitoring: a two way trial of external fetal heart rate monitoring: a two way trial of external Doppler CTG ultrasound and the abdominal fetal electrocardiogram","volume":"286","author":"Reinhard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60789-3","article-title":"Midwifery and quality care: findings from a new evidence informed framework for maternal and newborn care","author":"Renfrew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-012-2444-x","article-title":"The effects of uterine fundal pressure (Kristeller maneuver) on pelvic floor function after vaginal delivery","volume":"286","author":"Sartore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60858-8","article-title":"Interprofessional collaboration, the only way to save every woman and every child","volume":"384","author":"Shamian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib41","article-title":"Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring: evaluation of a standardized system of interpretation for prediction of metabolic acidosis at delivery and neonatal neurological morbidity","author":"Soncini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Maternal-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"year":"1998","series-title":"La sage-femme face aux juges","author":"Soutoul","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib42"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60857-6","article-title":"Health-care professionals in midwifery care","author":"Stones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib44","first-page":"509","article-title":"Understanding cardiotocographic patterns associated with intrapartum fetal hypoxia and neurologic injury. Best Practice & Research","volume":"27","author":"Ugwumadu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12900","article-title":"Are we (mis)guided by current guidelines on intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring? Case for a more physiological approach to interpretation","volume":"121","author":"Ugwumadu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJOG: Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib46","first-page":"4","article-title":"Fundal pressure during the second stage of labour for improving maternal and fetal outcomes","volume":"Oct. 7","author":"Verheijen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2011.10.002","article-title":"A hermeneutic phenomenological study of Belgian midwives\u2019 views on ideal and actual maternity care","volume":"29","author":"Van kelst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib48","unstructured":"Vansweevelt, T., Dewallens, F., 2014. Handboek Gezondheidsrecht, Statuut en aansprakelijkheid. Intersentia (Antwerp, Belgium)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.03.023","article-title":"Risk factors for uterine rupture during a vaginal birth after one previous caesarean section: a case\u2013control study","volume":"151","author":"Weimar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008_bib50","first-page":"239","article-title":"Fundal pressure (Kristeller maneuver) during labor in current obstetric practice: assessment of prevalence and feto-maternal effects","volume":"66","author":"Zanconato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Miner. Ginecol."}],"container-title":["Midwifery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0266613815000650?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0266613815000650?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T15:47:06Z","timestamp":1759420026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0266613815000650"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0266613815000650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-6138"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0266-6138"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Belgian, French and Dutch midwife on trial: A critical case study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Midwifery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}