{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T19:28:56Z","timestamp":1778354936380,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Midwifery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,21]],"date-time":"2018-04-21T13:19:34Z","timestamp":1524316774000},"page":"264-272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Factors associated with obstetric anal sphincter injuries in midwife-led birth: A cross sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Jorunn Wik","family":"Tunestveit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Baghestan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerd Karin","family":"Natvig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geir Egil","family":"Eide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Britt Vika","family":"Nilsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0001","article-title":"Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma","volume":"6","author":"Aasheim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmwh.2005.05.012","article-title":"\u201cMidwifery care measures in the second stage of labor and reduction of genital tract trauma at birth: a randomized trial\u201d","volume":"50","author":"Albers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Midwifery Womens Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-006-0123-9","article-title":"\u201cAnal sphincter lacerations and upright delivery postures\u2013a risk analysis from a randomized controlled trial\u201d","volume":"18","author":"Altman","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2006.00129.x","article-title":"Prolonged second stage of labor and risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Altman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12330","article-title":"\u201cPerineal management techniques among midwives at five hospitals in New South Wales - a cross-sectional survey\u201d","volume":"55","author":"Ampt","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12038","article-title":"\u201cTrends in obstetric anal sphincter injuries and associated risk factors for vaginal singleton term births in New South Wales 2001\u20132009\u201d","volume":"53","author":"Ampt","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.06.025","article-title":"\u201cObstetric anal sphincter injury rates among primiparous women with different modes of vaginal delivery\u201d","volume":"131","author":"Ampt","year":"2015","journal-title":"The International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181e2f50b","article-title":"\u201cTrends in risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injuries in Norway\u201d","volume":"116","author":"Baghestan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01602.x","article-title":"\u201cSevere asphyxia due to delivery-related malpractice in Sweden 1990-2005\u201d","volume":"115","author":"Berglund","year":"2008","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0010","first-page":"1359","article-title":"\u201c[Use of oxytocin augmentation after spontaneous onset of labor]\u201d","volume":"122","author":"Blix","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13589","article-title":"\u201cContinuation versus discontinuation of oxytocin infusion during the active phase of labour: a randomised controlled trial\u201d","volume":"123","author":"Bor","year":"2016","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0012","article-title":"Midwives' experiences regarding delivery and perineal tear","volume":"27","author":"Brunstad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vard i Norden"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13431","article-title":"\u201cManual perineal support at the time of childbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis\u201d","volume":"122","author":"Bulchandani","year":"2015","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000081.pub2","article-title":"Episiotomy for vaginal birth","volume":"1","author":"Carroli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318182a8d3","article-title":"The Ritgen maneuver: another sacred cow questioned","volume":"112","author":"Cunningham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002824","article-title":"Trends and risk factors for severe perineal trauma during childbirth in New South Wales between 2000 and 2008: a population-based data study","volume":"3","author":"Dahlen","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2006.04.004","article-title":"\u201cAn Australian prospective cohort study of risk factors for severe perineal trauma during childbirth\u201d","volume":"23","author":"Dahlen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11534.x","article-title":"\u201cRandomised trial comparing the upright and supine positions for the second stage of labour\u201d","volume":"104","author":"De Jong","year":"1997","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/01674820410001737432","article-title":"Birthing positions. A qualitative study into the views of women about various birthing positions","volume":"25","author":"De Jonge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0990-0","article-title":"Perineal injuries and birth positions among 2992 women with a low risk pregnancy who opted for a homebirth","volume":"16","author":"Edqvist","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0021","article-title":"\u201cMidwives' management during the second stage of labor in relation to second-degree tears-an experimental study\u201d","author":"Edqvist","year":"2016","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.4045\/tidsskr.11.0643","article-title":"\u201cUse of manual techniques for perineal support in Norwegian maternity departments\u201d","volume":"131","author":"Fretheim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-536X.2003.00253.x","article-title":"\u201cFeeling in control during labor: concepts, correlates, and consequences\u201d","volume":"30","author":"Green","year":"2003","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002006.pub3","article-title":"Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia","volume":"5","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-6138(96)90002-9","article-title":"\u201cJourneying through labour and delivery: perceptions of women who have given birth\u201d","volume":"12","author":"Halldorsdottir","year":"1996","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181eda77a","article-title":"\u201cA multicenter interventional program to reduce the incidence of anal sphincter tears\u201d","volume":"116","author":"Hals","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2014-0172","article-title":"\u201cPosition at birth as an important factor for the occurrence of anal sphincter tears: a retrospective cohort study\u201d","volume":"43","author":"Haslinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Perinatal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2014.10.007","article-title":"\u201cRisk factors for severe perineal trauma during vaginal childbirth: a Western Australian retrospective cohort study\u201d","volume":"28","author":"Hauck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.080003229.x","article-title":"\u201cThird and fourth degree perineal tears. Predictor factors in a referral hospital\u201d","volume":"80","author":"Jander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.08.043","article-title":"\u201cModifiable risk factors of obstetric anal sphincter injury in primiparous women: a population-based cohort study\u201d","volume":"210","author":"Jango","year":"2014","journal-title":"The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-015-2747-0","article-title":"\u201cObstetric anal sphincter injuries: review of anatomical factors and modifiable second stage interventions\u201d","volume":"26","author":"Kapoor","year":"2015","journal-title":"The International Urogynecology Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31816c4402","article-title":"\u201cDecreasing the incidence of anal sphincter tears during delivery\u201d","volume":"111","author":"Laine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2010.01057.x","article-title":"\u201cPrevalence and risk factors for anal incontinence after obstetric anal sphincter rupture\u201d","volume":"90","author":"Laine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009124.pub2","article-title":"Pushing\/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour","volume":"10","author":"Lemos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552011000100012","article-title":"The Valsalva maneuver duration during labor expulsive stage: repercussions on the maternal and neonatal birth condition","volume":"15","author":"Lemos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.09.006","article-title":"\u201cObstetric anal sphincter injury in the UK and its effect on bowel, bladder and sexual function\u201d","volume":"154","author":"Marsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"The European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10004.x","article-title":"\u201cA randomised controlled trial of care of the perineum during second stage of normal labour\u201d","volume":"105","author":"McCandlish","year":"1998","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2004.00647.x","article-title":"\u201cAnal incontinence after obstetric sphincter tears: incidence in a Norwegian county\u201d","volume":"83","author":"Norderval","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0039","unstructured":"Norsk Gynekologisk Forening. (2014). \u201cNorwegian Guiselines for Obstetric and Gynecology\u201d Retrieved 12.03, 2014, from http:\/\/legeforeningen.no\/Fagmed\/Norsk-gynekologisk-forening\/Veiledere\/Veileder-i-fodselshjelp-2014\/Perinealruptur\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0040","article-title":"Sfinkterskader ved f\u00f8dsel b\u00f8r reduseres i Norge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sosial- og helsedirektoratet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0041","unstructured":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health. (2004, 01.03.2015). \u201cKroppsmasseindeks (KMI) og helse.\u201d Retrieved 03.02., 2004, from http:\/\/www.fhi.no\/tema\/overvekt-og-fedme\/kroppsmasseindeks-kmi."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.09.034","article-title":"\u201cRisk factors for severe perineal lacerations during childbirth\u201d","volume":"125","author":"Pergialiotis","year":"2014","journal-title":"The International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008346","article-title":"\u201cDoes the Finnish intervention prevent obstetric anal sphincter injuries? A systematic review of the literature\u201d","volume":"5","author":"Poulsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2011.05.001","article-title":"\u201cWhat are the facilitators, inhibitors, and implications of birth positioning? A review of the literature\u201d","volume":"25","author":"Priddis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00824.x","article-title":"\u201cComparison of the maternal experience and duration of labour in two upright delivery positions\u2013a randomised controlled trial\u201d","volume":"113","author":"Ragnar","year":"2006","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.02.019","article-title":"\u201cHospital-based lateral episiotomy and obstetric anal sphincter injury rates: a retrospective population-based register study\u201d","volume":"206","author":"Raisanen","year":"2012","journal-title":"The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmwh.2006.12.011","article-title":"\u201cBest practices in second stage labor care: maternal bearing down and positioning\u201d","volume":"52","author":"Roberts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0048","series-title":"Multivariable Model-Building. A Pragmatic Approach to Regression Analysis Based on Fractional Polynomials for Modelling Continuous Variables","author":"Royston","year":"2008"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004592","article-title":"\u201cAssessing the association of oxytocin augmentation with obstetric anal sphincter injury in nulliparous women: a population-based, case-control study\u201d","volume":"4","author":"Rygh","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0050","first-page":"3461","article-title":"Do we know enough? A quality assessment of the Finnish intervention to prevent obstetric anal sphincter injuries","volume":"29","author":"Skriver-M\u00f8ller","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-59","article-title":"\u201cIncidence of and risk factors for perineal trauma: a prospective observational study\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2013.11.002","article-title":"\u201cSalutogenically focused outcomes in systematic reviews of intrapartum interventions: a systematic review of systematic reviews\u201d","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e318299c209","article-title":"\u201cComplete obstetric anal sphincter tear and risk of long-term fecal incontinence: a cohort study\u201d","volume":"56","author":"Soerensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon & Rectum"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0730-7659.2005.00365.x","article-title":"\u201cMaternal position at midwife-attended birth and perineal trauma: is there an association?\u201d","volume":"32","author":"Soong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12274","article-title":"\u201cRisk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injury after a successful multicentre interventional programme\u201d","volume":"121","author":"Stedenfeldt","year":"2014","journal-title":"British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2012.01398.x","article-title":"\u201cLong-term outcome after obstetric injury: a retrospective study\u201d","volume":"91","author":"Sundquist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2013.06.004","article-title":"\u201cWho decides the position for birth? A follow-up study of a randomised controlled trial\u201d","volume":"26","author":"Thies-Lagergren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-011-1454-8","article-title":"\u201cHands on or hands off the perineum: a survey of care of the perineum in labour (HOOPS)\u201d","volume":"22","author":"Trochez","year":"2011","journal-title":"The International Urogynecology Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2013.831045","article-title":"\u201cTrends in obstetric anal sphincter injuries over 10 years\u201d","volume":"33","author":"Tyagi","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2016.01.010","article-title":"Better perineal outcomes in sitting birthing position cannot be explained by changing from upright to supine position for performing an episiotomy","volume":"34","author":"Wamink-Perdijk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0061","unstructured":"WHO. (1996). \u201cCare in normal birth: a practical guide.\u201d from http:\/\/www.who.int\/maternal_child_adolescent\/documents\/who_frh_msm_9624\/en\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012_bib0062","series-title":"ICD-10. Helsedirektoraret","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["Midwifery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S026661381730270X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S026661381730270X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T15:55:52Z","timestamp":1759420552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S026661381730270X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["S026661381730270X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-6138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-6138","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Factors associated with obstetric anal sphincter injuries in midwife-led birth: A cross sectional study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Midwifery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2018.04.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}