{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:06:30Z","timestamp":1793196390355,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015539","name":"Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015539","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Midwifery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T11:22:17Z","timestamp":1605266537000},"page":"102884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Breaking the silence: Determining Prevalence and Understanding Stillbirth Stigma"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Dr Danielle","family":"Pollock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dr Elissa","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dr Megan","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Associate Professor Tahereh","family":"Ziaian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Foord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Associate Professor Jane","family":"Warland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.06.013","article-title":"Self stigma in people with intellectual disabilities and courtesy stigma in family carers: A systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Ali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00275-2","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2015, with trends from 2000: a systematic analysis","volume":"4","author":"Blencowe","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2190\/OM.70.2.a","article-title":"Stillbirth and Stigma: The Spoiling and Repair of Multiple Social Identities","volume":"70","author":"Brierley-Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"OMEGA \u2014 Journal of Death and Dying"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2011.616570","article-title":"The stigma of disability: Croatian experiences","volume":"34","author":"Buljevac","year":"2012","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0006","article-title":"From grief, guilt pain and stigma to hope and pride - a systematic review and meta-analysis of mixed-method research of the psychosocial impact of stillbirth","volume":"16","author":"Burden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bmc Pregnancy And Childbirth"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2524.2008.00814.x","article-title":"The effects of social support on maternal anxiety and depression after stillbirth","volume":"17","author":"Cacciatore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health & Social Care in the Community"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100614531398","article-title":"The Impact of Mental Illness Stigma on Seeking and Participating in Mental Health Care","volume":"15","author":"Corrigan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0009","series-title":"On the stigma of mental illness: Practical strategies for research and social change","article-title":"The Impact of Mental Illness Stigma","author":"Corrigan","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007096","article-title":"Structural Levels of Mental Illness Stigma and Discrimination","volume":"30","author":"Corrigan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371205700804","article-title":"On the Self-Stigma of Mental Illness: Stages, Disclosure, and Strategies for Change","volume":"57","author":"Corrigan","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/17542863.2018.1450431","article-title":"Internalized stigma in schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study of prevalence and predictors","volume":"11","author":"Fadipe","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Culture and Mental Health"},{"issue":"9774","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62232-5","article-title":"Stillbirths: why they matter","volume":"377","author":"Fr\u00f8en","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0015","series-title":"Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity","author":"Goffman","year":"1968"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/hlw007","article-title":"Meaning Reconstruction among Women following Stillbirth: A Loss Fraught with Ambiguity and Doubt","volume":"41","author":"Golan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health & Social Work"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1666-8","article-title":"Anxiety, depression and relationship satisfaction in the pregnancy following stillbirth and after the birth of a live-born baby: a prospective study","volume":"18","author":"Gravensteen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.03.051","article-title":"\"These are not good things for other people to know\": How rural Tanzanian women's experiences of pregnancy loss and early neonatal death may impact survey data quality","volume":"71","author":"Haws","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726703056002889","article-title":"Societal and Workplace Responses to Perinatal Loss: Disenfranchised Grief or Healing Connection","volume":"56","author":"Hazen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"issue":"10018","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00836-3","article-title":"Stillbirths: economic and psychosocial consequences","volume":"387","author":"Heazell","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-018-0308-y","article-title":"Stigma in Mental Health at the Macro and Micro Levels: Implications for Mental Health Consumers and Professionals","volume":"55","author":"Holder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Community Mental Health Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-12-137","article-title":"Silent loss and the clinical encounter: Parents' and physicians' experiences of stillbirth-a qualitative analysis","volume":"12","author":"Kelley","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2190\/OM.63.2.e","article-title":"Perinatal loss and parental grief: the challenge of ambiguity and disenfranchised grief","volume":"63","author":"Lang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Omega"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/105413730000800402","article-title":"Predicting Outcomes after Pregnancy Loss: Results from Studies Using the Perinatal Grief Scale","volume":"8","author":"Lasker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Illness, Crisis & Loss"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.363","article-title":"Conceptualizing Stigma","volume":"27","author":"Link","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.12.1621","article-title":"The consequences of stigma for the self-esteem of people with mental illnesses","volume":"52","author":"Link","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0028","series-title":"Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing","author":"Mangesi","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02722","article-title":"Assessing Mental Illness Stigma: A Complex Issue","volume":"9","author":"Mannarini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.08.009","article-title":"Evaluation of the factor structure of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in older adults","volume":"54","author":"Mullen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2011.06.005","article-title":"Reclaiming a moral identity: stillbirth, stigma and \u2018moral mothers\u2019","volume":"28","author":"Murphy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0033","first-page":"98","article-title":"Finding the positive in loss: stillbirth and its potential for parental empowerment","volume":"31","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drying Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2013.838170","article-title":"The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support: Analyses of Internal Reliability, Measurement Invariance, and Correlates Across Gender","volume":"96","author":"Osman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-071312-145702","article-title":"The Stigma Complex","volume":"41","author":"Pescosolido","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib56","first-page":"77","article-title":"Measuring the silence: development and initial psychometric testing of the Stillbirth Stigma Scale","volume":"17","author":"Pollock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evidence Based Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib57","first-page":"151","article-title":"Exploring the psychometric validity and reliability of the Stillbirth Stigma Scale","volume":"302","author":"Pollock","year":"2020","journal-title":"MIDIRS Midwifery Digest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2019.03.002","article-title":"Voices of the unheard: A qualitative survey exploring bereaved parents experiences of stillbirth stigma","volume":"33","author":"Pollock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2015.1034647","article-title":"HIV-related stigma in a New York City sample of adults in outpatient care for HIV infection: a short report","volume":"27","author":"Radcliffe","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.08.003","article-title":"Internalized stigma predicts erosion of morale among psychiatric outpatients","volume":"129","author":"Ritsher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0038","series-title":"Society and the adolescent self-image","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1965"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28482","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028482","article-title":"Fetal Movement Counting Improved Identification of Fetal Growth Restriction and Perinatal Outcomes \u2013 a Multi-Centre, Randomized, Controlled Trial (Fetal Movement Counting and Perinatal Outcomes)","volume":"6","author":"Saastad","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0040","article-title":"Stigma as a barrier to recognizing personal mental illness and seeking help: a prospective study among untreated persons with mental illness","author":"Schomerus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120801926977","article-title":"A meta-analysis of disclosure of one's HIV- positive status, stigma and social support","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.37464\/2006.233.1929","article-title":"Shroads of silence: Three women's stories of perinatal loss","volume":"23","author":"St John","year":"2006","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/0739986310387275","article-title":"Dimensionality and Validity of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale for Use With Latino Adolescents","volume":"33","author":"Supple","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.3109\/00016340903317974","article-title":"Social support after stillbirth for prevention of maternal depression","volume":"88","author":"Surkan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/074811801750073251","article-title":"International comparison of studies using the perinatal grief scale: A decade of research on pregnancy loss","volume":"25","author":"Toedter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Death Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1988.tb01604.x","article-title":"The Perinatal Grief Scale: Development and initial validation","volume":"58","author":"Toedter","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1246-9","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in examining and addressing intersectional stigma and health","volume":"17","author":"Turan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.3109\/14767050903511578","article-title":"Concerns for decreased foetal movements in uncomplicated pregnancies \u2013 Increased risk of foetal growth restriction and stillbirth among women being overweight, advanced age or smoking","volume":"23","author":"Tveit","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Maternal-Fetal &, Neonatal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.11.036","article-title":"Perceived provider stigma as a predictor of mental health service users' internalized stigma and disempowerment","volume":"259","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5463\/sra.v1i1.9","article-title":"Prevalence of Internalized Stigma among Persons with Severe Mental Illness","volume":"1","author":"West","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stigma research and action"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2018.07.008","article-title":"Lower self-positivity and its association with self-esteem in women with borderline personality disorder","volume":"109","author":"Winter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2016.1261204","article-title":"The loss of self: The effect of miscarriage, stillbirth, and child death on maternal self-esteem","volume":"41","author":"Wonch Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Death Studies"},{"issue":"Winter 90","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5503&4_17","article-title":"Psychometric characteristics of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support","volume":"55","author":"Zimet","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollock D, Ziaian T, Pearson E, Cooper M, Warland J. Understanding stillbirth stigma: A scoping literature review. Women Birth. 2020. 33(3):207-218. doi: 10.1016\/j.wombi.2019.05.004. Epub 2019 Jul 9. PMID: 31296472.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2019.05.004"}],"container-title":["Midwifery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0266613820302564?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0266613820302564?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T15:58:46Z","timestamp":1759420726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0266613820302564"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0266613820302564"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884","relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-6138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-6138","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Breaking the silence: Determining Prevalence and Understanding Stillbirth Stigma","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Midwifery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102884","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102884"}}