{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:16:18Z","timestamp":1775189778900,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000245","name":"Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008910","name":"National Vulvodynia Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008910","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000202","name":"Canadian Pain Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Midwifery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T02:11:48Z","timestamp":1661220708000},"page":"103467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A longitudinal case-control analysis of pain symptoms, fear of childbirth, and psychological well-being during pregnancy and postpartum among individuals with vulvodynia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Kelly B.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6786-1791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bozena","family":"Zdaniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Smruthi O.","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lori A.","family":"Brotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-007-9204-1","article-title":"If sex hurts, am I still a woman?\u201d The subjective experience of vulvodynia in hetero-sexual women","volume":"37","author":"Ayling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0664-7","article-title":"Depression during pregnancy and postpartum","volume":"18","author":"Becker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001359","article-title":"2015 ISSVD, ISSWSH and IPPS consensus terminology and classification of persistent vulvar pain and vulvodynia","volume":"127","author":"Bornstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-013-0273-z","article-title":"Mindfulness-based group therapy for women with Provoked Vestibulodynia","volume":"6","author":"Brotto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12718","article-title":"Impact of a multidisciplinary vulvodynia program on sexual functioning and dyspareunia","volume":"12","author":"Brotto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sexual Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1177\/1054773820916984","article-title":"Effects of antenatal education on fear of birth, depression, anxiety, childbirth self-efficacy, and mode of delivery in primiparous pregnant women: a prospective randomized controlled study","volume":"30","author":"\u00c7ankaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2017.04.002","article-title":"Clinical profile of persistent genito-pelvic postpartum pain","volume":"50","author":"Cappell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230701866083","article-title":"Do psychosexual factors play a role in the etiology of provoked vestibulodynia? a critical review","volume":"34","author":"Desrochers","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sex Marital Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.09.005","article-title":"Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations","volume":"9","author":"Dworkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.08.019","article-title":"Interpreting the clinical importance of group differences in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations","volume":"146","author":"Dworkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0250","article-title":"Vulvar vestibulitis and risk factors: a population-based case-control study in Oslo","volume":"87","author":"Edgardh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7307.257","article-title":"Cohort study of depressed mood during pregnancy and after childbirth","volume":"323","author":"Evans","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.07.1096","article-title":"Attitudes towards pregnancy in patients with vulvodynia","volume":"112","author":"George","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.933","article-title":"Postpartum depression screening at well-child visits: validity of a 2-question screen and the PHQ-9","volume":"7","author":"Gjerdingen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12675","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of genito-pelvic pain in pregnancy and postpartum: the prospective impact of fear avoidance","volume":"11","author":"Glowacka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sexual Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esxm.2020.05.009","article-title":"Exploring pain-related anxiety and depression in female patients with provoked vulvodynia with associated overactive pelvic floor muscle dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Govind","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.09.033","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of vulvodynia: population-based estimates from 2 geographic regions","volume":"210","author":"Harlow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2014.5001","article-title":"Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder among women with vulvodynia: evidence from the population-based woman to woman health study","volume":"24","author":"Iglesias-Rios","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Women's Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-016-0270-6","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for chronic pain following caesarean section: a prospective study","volume":"16","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0544-x","article-title":"You have to go through it and have your children\u201d: reproductive experiences among women with vulvodynia","volume":"15","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pregn. Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2661","article-title":"The influence of depression and anxiety on risk of adult onset vulvodynia","volume":"20","author":"Khandker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Women's Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v054.i10","article-title":"GLIMMPSE: online power computation for linear models with and without a baseline covariate","volume":"54","author":"Kreidler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006","article-title":"The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Kroenke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2018.04.008","article-title":"Women's experience of midwife-led counselling and its influence on childbirth fear: a qualitative study","volume":"32","author":"Larsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1155\/2002\/517163","article-title":"A short version of the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS-20): preliminary development and validation","volume":"7","author":"McCracken","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12946","article-title":"Reproduction and mode of delivery in women with vaginismus or localised provoked vestibulodynia: a Swedish register-based study","volume":"122","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG: Int. J. Obstetr. Gynaecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-012-0002-7","article-title":"A population-based study of pregnancy and delivery characteristics among women with vulvodynia","volume":"1","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3109\/0167482X.2016.1140143","article-title":"Treatment of nulliparous women with severe fear of childbirth via the Internet: a feasibility study","volume":"37","author":"Nieminen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychosomatic Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.1999.tb03450.x","article-title":"Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: an often unrecognized cause of dyspareunia","volume":"39","author":"Pagano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OGX.0000090196.75538.9E","article-title":"Vulvar dysesthesia (vulvodynia): a follow-up study","volume":"58","author":"Reed","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2015.12.003","article-title":"Comparing the prevalence, risk factors, and repercussions of postpartum genito-pelvic pain and dyspareunia","volume":"4","author":"Rosen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Med. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S37660","article-title":"Etiology, diagnosis, and clinical management of vulvodynia","volume":"6","author":"Sadownik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Women's Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147","article-title":"Missing data: our view of the state of the art","volume":"7","author":"Schafer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-017-1026-1","article-title":"Women's subjective experiences of living with vulvodynia: a systematic review and meta-ethnography","volume":"47","author":"Shallcross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-012-0295-x","article-title":"Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for prenatal depression screening","volume":"15","author":"Sidebottom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Women's Mental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371405900806","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of the generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale as screening tools for generalized anxiety disorder in pregnancy and the postpartum period","volume":"59","author":"Simpson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2016.04.008","article-title":"Clinicians\u2019 perspectives and experiences regarding maternity care in women with vulvodynia","volume":"38","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: the GAD7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.02.013","article-title":"Support for pregnant women identified with fear of childbirth (FOC)\/tokophobia - A systematic review of approaches and interventions","volume":"61","author":"Striebich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.032","article-title":"Sensitivity to change and minimal clinically important difference of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7)","volume":"265","author":"Toussaint","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001384","article-title":"Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)","volume":"160","author":"Treede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113721","article-title":"Prevalence and onset of anxiety and related disorders throughout pregnancy: a prospective study in an Australian sample","volume":"297","author":"Viswasam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867420963743","article-title":"Trajectories and predictors of anxiety symptoms during pregnancy in an Australian sample","volume":"54","author":"Viswasam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Austr. New Zealand J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3109\/01674829809048501","article-title":"Psychometric aspects of the W-DEQ: a new questionnaire for the measurement of fear of childbirth","volume":"19","author":"Wijma","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Psychosomatics Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467_bib0040","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. 2017. Canada [Country] and Canada [Country] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. Released November 29, 2017. https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2016\/dp-pd\/prof\/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 14, 2022)."}],"container-title":["Midwifery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0266613822002182?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0266613822002182?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T16:05:12Z","timestamp":1759421112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0266613822002182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0266613822002182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467","relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-6138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-6138","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A longitudinal case-control analysis of pain symptoms, fear of childbirth, and psychological well-being during pregnancy and postpartum among individuals with vulvodynia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Midwifery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103467","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103467"}}