{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T15:47:19Z","timestamp":1781279239648,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005717","name":"University of Haifa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005717","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019862","name":"Ruppin Academic Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Midwifery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,21]],"date-time":"2024-01-21T00:45:34Z","timestamp":1705797934000},"page":"103932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The role of self-criticism and self-compassion in the development of PTSD among midwives"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Irina","family":"Linetsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2928-8015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keren","family":"Grinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Granot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0001","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (V)","author":"Association","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Accessing hidden and hard-to-reach populations: snowball research strategies","volume":"33","author":"Atkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soc. Res. Update"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/17496530902951988","article-title":"Compassion fatigue: the experience of nurses","volume":"3","author":"Austin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ethics Soc. Welf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0004","first-page":"15","article-title":"Work-related adverse events leaving their mark: a cross-sectional study among Dutch gynecologists","volume":"18","author":"Baas","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.11.002","article-title":"Compassion for others, self-compassion, quality of life and mental well-being measures and their association with compassion fatigue and burnout in student midwives: a quantitative survey","volume":"34","author":"Beaumont","year":"2016","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2012.01386.x","article-title":"A mixed methods study of secondary traumatic stress in labour and delivery ward nurses","volume":"41","author":"Beck","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Neonatal Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12221","article-title":"A mixed methods study of secondary traumatic stress in certified nurse-midwives: shaken belief in the birth process","volume":"60","author":"Beck","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Women's Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2016.04.014","article-title":"The birth experience and women's postnatal depression: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Bell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2013-0071","article-title":"The impact of perinatal death on obstetrics nurses: a longitudinal and cross-sectional examination","volume":"42","author":"Ben-Ezra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6402_11","article-title":"Subscales within the dependency factor of the depressive experiences questionnaire","volume":"64","author":"Blatt","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2017.03.009","article-title":"Exposure to traumatic events at work, posttraumatic symptoms and professional quality of life among midwifes","volume":"50","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10113","article-title":"Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC)","volume":"18","author":"Connor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.09.004","article-title":"Secondary trauma symptoms in clinicians: a critical review of the construct, specificity, and implications for trauma-focused treatment","volume":"31","author":"Elwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"issue":"364","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0014","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mental health symptoms and work-related stressors in hospital midwifes and NICU nurses: a mixed methods study","volume":"9","author":"Favrod","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2018.07.008","article-title":"Self-criticism impacts emotional responses to pain","volume":"50","author":"Fox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000713","article-title":"The mediating effect of pain catastrophizing on PTSD symptoms and pain outcome","volume":"35","author":"Gilliam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.10.589","article-title":"Catastrophizing labor pain compromises later maternity adjustments","volume":"192","author":"Goldstein Ferber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000135236.12705.2d","article-title":"The roles of pain catastrophizing and anxiety in the prediction of postoperative pain intensity","volume":"21","author":"Granot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0019","first-page":"231","article-title":"The mediating role of positive and negative emotions and post-traumatic growth in the relationship between resilience and psycho-social adjustment and health behaviors among digestive system cancer patients","volume":"2","author":"Guzman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Welf."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0020","first-page":"58","article-title":"Comorbidity of post-traumatic stress symptoms and depressive symptoms among obstetric nurses with perinatal death exposure","volume":"53","author":"Hamama-Raz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Isr. J. Psychiatry Relat. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0021","unstructured":"Harper D. (2011). Online Etymology Dictionary. https:\/\/www.dictionary.com\/browse\/midwife."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-172X.2010.01853.x","article-title":"Self-compassion and emotional intelligence in nurses","volume":"16","author":"Heffernan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2018.02.003","article-title":"To lose an unborn child: post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder following pregnancy loss among Israeli women","volume":"53","author":"Horesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032355","article-title":"A review of client self-criticism in psychotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Kannan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychother Integr."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3182532312","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder associated with combat service in Iraq or Afghanistan: reconciling prevalence differences between studies","volume":"200","author":"Kok","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2016.06.006","article-title":"Responses to birth trauma and prevalence of posttraumatic stress among Australian midwives","volume":"30","author":"Leinweber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Women Birth J. Aust. Coll. Midwives"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2016.12.001","article-title":"A socioecological model of posttraumatic stress among Australian midwifes","volume":"45","author":"Leinweber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132940","article-title":"A reconsideration of the self-compassion scale's total score: self-compassion versus self-criticism","volume":"10","author":"Lopez","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0803","article-title":"Course of posttraumatic stress disorder 40 years after the Vietnam war: findings from the national Vietnam veterans longitudinal study","volume":"72","author":"Marmar","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027764","article-title":"Reciprocal relations between self-critical perfectionism and depressive symptoms: evidence from a short-term, four-wave longitudinal study","volume":"44","author":"McGrath","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Behav. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0031","first-page":"373","article-title":"Personality and the etiology and expression of PTSD: a three-factor model perspective","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01281","article-title":"Self-criticism: a measure of uncompassionate behaviors toward the self, based on the negative components of the self-compassion scale","volume":"7","author":"Montero-Marin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-016-0509-9","article-title":"Protection as the mirror image of psychopathology: further critical notes on self-compassion scale","volume":"7","author":"Muris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309027","article-title":"The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion","volume":"2","author":"Neff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.03.004","article-title":"Self-compassion and its link to adaptive psychological functioning","volume":"41","author":"Neff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13719","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress symptomatology following exposure to perceived traumatic perinatal events within the midwifery profession: the impact of trait emotional intelligence","volume":"74","author":"Nightingale","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2017.04.003","article-title":"A systematic mixed-methods review of interventions, outcomes and experiences for midwives and student midwives in work-related psychological distress","volume":"50","author":"Pezaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0038","first-page":"95","article-title":"Mindfulness, self-compassion and empathy among health care professionals: a review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Raab","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Health Care Chaplain."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.702","article-title":"Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self-compassion scale","volume":"18","author":"Reas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2012.12.003","article-title":"Bearing witness: midwives experiences of witnessing traumatic birth","volume":"29","author":"Rice","year":"2013","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12171","article-title":"Self-criticism self-report measures: systematic review","volume":"91","author":"Rose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Psychother. Theory Res. Pract."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.10.013","article-title":"Patients\u2019 self-criticism is a stronger predictor of physician's evaluation of prognosis than pain diagnosis or severity in chronic pain patients","volume":"9","author":"Rudich","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-172X.2006.00562.x","article-title":"Compassion fatigue and nursing work: can we accurately capture the consequences of caring work","volume":"12","author":"Sabo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_241_18","article-title":"Resilience strategies against working pressures in midwives: a qualitative study","volume":"8","author":"Sabzevari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Promot."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2014.11.006","article-title":"Exposure to traumatic perinatal experiences and posttraumatic stress symptoms in midwives: prevalence and association with burnout","volume":"52","author":"Sheen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909109354096","article-title":"Compassion fatigue: what is it? Why does it matter? Recognizing the symptoms, acknowledging the impact, developing the tools to prevent compassion fatigue, and strengthen the professional already suffering from the effects","volume":"27","author":"Showalter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.4.524","article-title":"The pain catastrophizing scale: development and validation","volume":"7","author":"Sullivan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.02.001","article-title":"The relation between catastrophizing and communication of pain experience","volume":"122","author":"Sullivan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0049","article-title":"The perceived impact of birth trauma witnessed by maternity health professionals: a systematic review","volume":"114","author":"Uddin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14259","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress symptoms in Swedish obstetricians and midwives after severe obstetric events: a cross-sectional retrospective survey","volume":"124","author":"Wahlberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0051","series-title":"The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5","author":"Weathers","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-014-9937-y","article-title":"Self-compassion in recovery following potentially traumatic stress: longitudinal study of at-risk youth","volume":"43","author":"Zeller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2015.1044604","article-title":"Conceptualizing and measuring self-criticism as both a personality trait and a personality state","volume":"98","author":"Zuroff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."}],"container-title":["Midwifery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0266613824000184?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0266613824000184?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T16:07:56Z","timestamp":1759421276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0266613824000184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0266613824000184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932","relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-6138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-6138","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The role of self-criticism and self-compassion in the development of PTSD among midwives","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Midwifery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2024.103932","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103932"}}