{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:36:28Z","timestamp":1790807788372,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004834","name":"University Jaume I","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Midwifery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T08:21:41Z","timestamp":1742545301000},"page":"104392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Epidural or water immersion? A prospective cohort study of maternal and neonatal outcomes in a tertiary hospital"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Soledad","family":"CARREGUI-VILAR","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva M.","family":"MOYA-ARTU\u00d1EDO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5490-7802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"CHALMETA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"ROCCA-IHENACHO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eladio J.","family":"COLLADO-BOIRA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2024.104101","article-title":"Midwife-attended planned home births versus planned hospital births in Spain: maternal and neonatal outcomes","volume":"136","author":"Alcaraz-Vidal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Midwifery."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0003","first-page":"940","article-title":"Epidural analgesia lengthens the Friedman active phase of labor","volume":"187","author":"Alexander","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0004","article-title":"Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia in labour","author":"Anim-Somuah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0005","first-page":"227","article-title":"Waterbirth: a national retrospective cohort study of factors associated with its use among women in England","volume":"21","author":"Aughey","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC. Pregnancy. ChildBirth"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17009","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal outcomes following waterbirth: a cohort study of 17 530 waterbirths and 17 530 propensity score-matched land births","volume":"129","author":"Bovbjerg","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0007","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis to examine intrapartum interventions, and maternal and neonatal outcomes following immersion in water during labour and waterbirth","volume":"12","author":"Burns","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2012.00548.x","article-title":"Characteristics, interventions, and outcomes of women who used a birthing pool: a prospective observational study","volume":"39","author":"Burns","year":"2012","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.06.017","article-title":"Modern labor epidural analgesia: implications for labor outcomes and maternal-fetal health","volume":"228","author":"Callahan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0010","series-title":"Naixement a L'aigua","author":"Carrillo-Aguirre","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261493","article-title":"Effects of non-pharmacological coping strategies for reducing labor pain: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2010.08.009","article-title":"Effects of a pushing intervention on pain, fatigue and birthing experiences among Taiwanese women during the second stage of labour","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2019.11.007","article-title":"Women and waterbirth: a systematic meta-synthesis of qualitative studies","volume":"33","author":"Clews","year":"2020","journal-title":"Women. Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0014","article-title":"Immersion in water during labour and birth","volume":"5","author":"Cluett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2023.103824","article-title":"Sense of coherence as facilitated by water immersion during labour and birth: a concept analysis and synthesis","volume":"126","author":"Cooper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2022.06.016","article-title":"Impact of waterbirth on postpartum hemorrhage, genital trauma, retained placenta, and shoulder dystocia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"276","author":"Cristina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122792","article-title":"Pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of labour pain relief: establishment of effectiveness and comparison","volume":"15","author":"Czech","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2012.07.002","article-title":"Maternal and perinatal outcomes among low-risk women giving birth in water compared to six birth positions on land: a descriptive cross-sectional study in a birth centre over 12 years","volume":"29","author":"Dahlen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Midwifery."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2007.04.006","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial evaluating the effect of immersion bath on labour pain","volume":"25","author":"Da Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0020","article-title":"The use of hydrotherapy in the first stage of labour: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Ergin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14720","article-title":"A systematic meta-thematic synthesis to examine the views and experiences of women following water immersion during labour and waterbirth","volume":"77","author":"Feeley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0022","series-title":"Revisiting Waterbirth: An Attitude to Care","author":"Garland","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0023","unstructured":"Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a. Real Decreto 1030\/2006, de 15 de septiembre, por el que se establece la cartera de servicios comunes del Sistema Nacional de Salud y el procedimiento para su actualizaci\u00f3n. BOE n\u00b0 222, de 16 septiembre 2006 [Internet]. Disponible en: https:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/act.php?id=BOE-A-2006-16212."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0024","unstructured":"Greifer N. Cobalt: covariate balance tables and plots. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=cobalt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0025","unstructured":"Greifer N. WeightIt: weighting for covariate balance in observational studies. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=WeightIt."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.a2021.0026","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of TENS stimulation and water immersion on relieving labour pain suffered by primiparas","volume":"92","author":"Grymel-Kulesza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0027","article-title":"Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia","volume":"2017","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2024.101625","article-title":"The association between waterbirth and perineal injury or other adverse outcomes among low-risk women with physiological birth: results from the Nordic home birth cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Halfdansdottir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Women. Birth"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15756","article-title":"Comparison of ultra-low, low and high concentration local anaesthetic for labour epidural analgesia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Halliday","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14175","article-title":"Epidural analgesia in labor: a narrative review","volume":"159","author":"Halliday","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0031","first-page":"998","article-title":"Labouring women who used a birthing pool in obstetric units in Italy: a prospective observational study","volume":"30","author":"Henderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.02.013","article-title":"Retrospective study of the association between epidural analgesia during labour and complications for the newborn","volume":"31","author":"Herrera-G\u00f3mez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12601","article-title":"Path analysis model of epidural\/spinal anesthesia on breastfeeding among healthy nulliparous women: secondary analysis of the United States Certificate of Live Births 2016","volume":"49","author":"Hongo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpedi.2014.06.013","article-title":"Underwater delivery. consensus of the spanish neonatology society and the perinatal section of the spanish obstetrics and gynecology society","volume":"82","author":"Iriondo Sanz","year":"2015","journal-title":"An. Pediatr. (Engl. Ed)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2018.12.014","article-title":"Water birth maternal and neonatal outcomes among midwifery clients in Alberta, Canada, from 2014 to 2017: a retrospective study","volume":"41","author":"Jacoby","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0036","article-title":"Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"2012","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12362","article-title":"Women's experiences with water birth: a matched groups prospective study","volume":"45","author":"Lathrop","year":"2018","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0038","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of remifentanil patient-controlled versus epidural analgesia in labor: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2016.04.012","article-title":"A comparative study between the pioneer cohort of waterbirths and conventional vaginal deliveries in an obstetrician-led unit in Singapore","volume":"55","author":"Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Taiwan. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334413520189","volume":"30","author":"Lind","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Human Lactation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-160","article-title":"A comparison of maternal and neonatal outcomes between water immersion during labor and conventional labor and delivery","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC. Pregnancy. ChildBirth"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0042","first-page":"e89","article-title":"Immersion in water for pain relief and the risk of intrapartum transfer among low-risk nulliparous women: secondary analysis of the Birthplace national prospective cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Lukasse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Midwifery."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2006.10.005","article-title":"It's beyond water: stories of women's experience of using water for labour and birth","volume":"20","author":"Maude","year":"2007","journal-title":"Women. Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03007-6","article-title":"Getting into the water: a prospective observational study of water immersion for labour and birth at a New Zealand District Health Board","volume":"20","author":"Maude","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC. Pregnancy. ChildBirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.08.034","article-title":"Water birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of maternal and neonatal outcomes","volume":"230","author":"McKinney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"10056","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31472-6","article-title":"Beyond too little, too late and too much, too soon: a pathway towards evidence-based, respectful maternity care worldwide","volume":"388","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0049","series-title":"Atenci\u00f3n Perinatal En Espa\u00f1a:An\u00e1lisis de Los Recursos f\u00edsicos, humanos, Actividad y Calidad De Los Servicios hospitalarios, 2010-2018","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0050","unstructured":"Ministerio de Sanidad Espa\u00f1a,2019. Convocatoria Buenas Pr\u00e1cticas Clinicas del Sistema Nacional de Salud 2019. https:\/\/www.sanidad.gob.es\/areas\/calidadAsistencial\/estrategias\/atencionPartoNormal\/BBPP\/docs\/BBPP_2019\/C.Valenciana1_BBPP_SR.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0052","series-title":"Gu\u00eda De Pr\u00e1ctica Cl\u00ednica Sobre Lactancia Materna","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0053","series-title":"Gu\u00eda De Pr\u00e1ctica Cl\u00ednica Sobre La Atenci\u00f3n Al Parto Normal","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S228738","article-title":"Effects of labor epidural analgesia on short-term neonatal morbidity","volume":"12","author":"Mohd Salameh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5152\/jtgga.2012.03","article-title":"The effects of immersion in water on labor, birth, and newborn: comparison with epidural analgesia and conventional vaginal delivery","volume":"13","author":"Mollamahmuto\u01e7lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Turk. Ger. Gynecol. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.09.046","article-title":"Epidural analgesia, intrapartum hyperthermia, and neonatal brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Morton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0057","series-title":"Intrapartum Care for Healthy Women and Babies","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12194","article-title":"An integrative analysis of peer-reviewed literature","volume":"59","author":"Nutter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Midwifery. Womens Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.080004311.x","article-title":"Warm tub bathing during labor: maternal and neonatal effects","volume":"80","author":"Ohlsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0060","first-page":"e2208","article-title":"Neonatal outcomes following delivery in water: evaluation of safety in a district general hospital","volume":"10","author":"Peacock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2191-0","article-title":"Epidural analgesia and its implications in maternal health in a low parity community","volume":"19","author":"Penuela","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC. Pregnancy. ChildBirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0062","first-page":"e35","article-title":"ACOG Practice bulletin No. 177: obstetric analgesia and anesthesia","volume":"129","author":"Plante","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2011.05.001","article-title":"What are the facilitators, inhibitors, and implications of birth positioning? A review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Priddis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Women. Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0064","series-title":"R: A language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12442","article-title":"Midwifery is a vital solution\u2014What is holding back global progress?","volume":"46","author":"Renfrew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05690-7","article-title":"Experiences of water immersion during childbirth: a qualitative thematic synthesis","volume":"23","author":"Reviriego-Rodrigo","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC. Pregnancy ChildBirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0067","series-title":"Inmersi\u00f3n En Agua Durante El Parto","author":"Reviriego Rodrigo","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17878","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal outcomes among spontaneous vaginal births occurring in or out of water following intrapartum water immersion: the POOL cohort study","author":"Sanders","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJOG."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.37943","article-title":"Alternative birthing positions compared to the conventional position in the second stage of labor: a review","author":"Satone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12157","article-title":"Umbilical cord avulsion in waterbirth","volume":"59","author":"Schafer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Midwifery. Womens Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-2182(93)90014-8","article-title":"Water immersion and the effect on labor","volume":"38","author":"Schorn","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nurse Midwifery."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13555","article-title":"A prospective cohort study comparing neonatal outcomes of waterbirth and land birth in an Australian tertiary maternity unit","volume":"63","author":"Seed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/JPN.0000000000000260","article-title":"Systematic review of hydrotherapy research","volume":"31","author":"Shaw-Battista","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Neonatal. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/JPN.0000000000000450","article-title":"The experience of land and water birth within the American association of birth centers perinatal data registry, 2012-2017","volume":"34","author":"Snapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Neonatal. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F357","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-309600","article-title":"Neonatal outcomes of waterbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child Fetal. Neonatal. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4358-1-24","article-title":"Intrapartum epidural analgesia and breastfeeding: a prospective cohort study","volume":"1","author":"Torvaldsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Breastfeed. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13286","article-title":"Waterbirth in Sweden \u2013 a comparative study","volume":"97","author":"Ulfsdottir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/JPN.0000000000000515","article-title":"Systematic review of case reports of poor neonatal outcomes with water immersion during labor and birth","volume":"34","author":"Vanderlaan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Neonatal. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2017.12.023","article-title":"Neonatal outcomes with water birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Vanderlaan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Midwifery."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0080","first-page":"819","article-title":"American academy of pediatrics committee on fetus and newborn, american college of obstetricians and gynecologists committee on obstetric practice. the apgar score","volume":"136","author":"Watterberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2020.02.009","article-title":"Exploring the medicalisation of childbirth through women's preferences for and use of pain relief","volume":"34","author":"Westergren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0082","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience: WHO recommendations. 2018. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241550215."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-022-02389-9","article-title":"Comparison of different delivery modalities of epidural analgesia and intravenous analgesia in labour: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Wydall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0084","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience WHO recommendations. 2018. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241550215."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2007.00208.x","article-title":"Effects of pushing techniques in birth on mother and fetus: a randomized study","volume":"35","author":"Yildirim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Birth"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104505","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000}}],"container-title":["Midwifery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S026661382500110X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S026661382500110X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T17:53:48Z","timestamp":1762278828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S026661382500110X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["S026661382500110X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392","relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-6138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-6138","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Epidural or water immersion? A prospective cohort study of maternal and neonatal outcomes in a tertiary hospital","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Midwifery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2025.104392","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104392"}}