{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:26:57Z","timestamp":1793730417290,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004092","name":"Kuopion Yliopistollinen Sairaala","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005432","name":"Pohjois-Savon Rahasto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50HO195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50HO195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005432","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Midwifery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:29:41Z","timestamp":1787786981000},"page":"104968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Patient safety incidents in childbirth: analysis of reported cases from 2015 to 2025"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"163","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2861-8029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maija","family":"M\u00e4nnist\u00f6","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8342-8923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reeta","family":"Lamminp\u00e4\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2743-3589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Axelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuija","family":"Pakkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0725-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virpi","family":"Jylh\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marja","family":"H\u00e4rk\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0001","unstructured":"Awanic Oy. (n.d) HaiPro. Sosiaali- ja Terveydenhuollon Vaaratapahtumien Raportointij\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4 [Social and Healthcare Incident Reporting System] In Finnish. Available at: https:\/\/awanic.fi\/haipro\/(Accessed 30 September 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2025-003432","article-title":"Systematic review of patient safety incident reporting practices in maternity care","volume":"14","author":"Beecham","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_393_20","article-title":"Improving service delivery using the self-reporting of errors by midwives and midwifery student","volume":"9","author":"Beigi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Edu. Health Promot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3928\/01484834-20091113-03","article-title":"Web-based hazard and near-miss reporting as part of a patient safety curriculum","volume":"48","author":"Currie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x","article-title":"The qualitative content analysis process","volume":"62","author":"Elo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0006","series-title":"Preliminary Information: Perinatal Statistics \u2013 Parturients, Deliveries and Newborns 2024","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0007","series-title":"The Ethical Principles of Research with Human Participants and Ethical Review in the human Sciences in Finland","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0008","unstructured":"Flinck R, Helovuo A, H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen T, Liukka M, Peltonen EL, Purhonen M, Sahlstr\u00f6m M, Tenkanen-Rautakoski P, Welling M. 2023.Vakavien vaaratapahtumien tutkinta, Opas sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon organisaatioille. Publications of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health 2023:31. Ministry of Social Affairs and Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/PTS.0000000000001072","article-title":"Addressing patient safety hazards using critical incident reporting in hospitals: a systematic review","author":"Goekcimen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Patient Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.12968\/bjom.2024.32.7.388","article-title":"Cultivating patient safety culture in midwifery practices through incident reporting","volume":"32","author":"Hassan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Midwifery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10010097","article-title":"Preventable adverse events in obstetrics\u2014systemic assessment of their incidence and linked risk factors","volume":"10","author":"H\u00fcner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2024.1422396","article-title":"The need for a refined classification system and national incident reporting system for health information technology-related incidents","volume":"6","author":"Jabin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Digit. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13959","article-title":"How common is substandard obstetric care in adverse events of birth asphyxia, shoulder dystocia and postpartum hemorrhage? Findings from an external inspection of Norwegian maternity units","volume":"100","author":"Johansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Obs. Gynecol. Scand."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.0643","article-title":"The architecture of safety: an emerging priority for improving patient safety","volume":"37","author":"Joseph","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4414\/SMW.2021.w30098","article-title":"Critical incident reporting over time: a retrospective, descriptive analysis of 5493 cases","volume":"151","author":"J\u00e4ger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Swiss. Med. Wkly."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2009.05027.x","article-title":"Missed nursing care: a concept analysis","volume":"65","author":"Kalisch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-085827","article-title":"Influences on safety of intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring practices: a scoping review","volume":"14","author":"Kelly","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.33940\/data\/2022.6.2","article-title":"Patient safety trends in 2021: an analysis of 288,882 serious events from the Nation\u2019s largest event reporting database","volume":"4","author":"Kepner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Patient Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11111636","article-title":"Causes for medical errors in obstetrics and gynaecology","volume":"11","author":"Klemann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5401","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16364","article-title":"Patient safety incident reporting software: a cross-sectional survey of nurses and other users' perspectives","volume":"81","author":"Koskiniemi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.12856","article-title":"Linking the work environment to missed nursing care in labour and delivery","volume":"28","author":"Lake","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i85","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2004.010033","article-title":"The human factor: the critical importance of effective teamwork and communication in providing safe care","volume":"13","author":"Leonard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Qual. Saf. Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14869","article-title":"Obstetric claims in Finland 2012\u20132022 - a nationwide patient insurance registry study","volume":"103","author":"Lojander","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5458","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16280","article-title":"Registered nurses\u2019 emotional responses to medication errors and perceived need for support: a qualitative descriptive analysis","volume":"81","author":"Mahat","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-002578","article-title":"An analysis of electronic health record-related patient safety concerns","volume":"21","author":"Meeks","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114721","article-title":"Asphyxia due to substandard obstetric care in Finland: an 11-year patient insurance registry study of compensated patient claims","volume":"314","author":"M\u00e4nnist\u00f6","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/jhrm.21504","article-title":"Perceptions and knowledge of nurses on incident reporting systems: exploratory study in three Northeastern Italian Departments","volume":"42","author":"Napoli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Heal. Risk Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.03.003","article-title":"Systematic approaches to adverse events in obstetrics, Part I: event identification and classification","volume":"41","author":"Pettker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0029","first-page":"2716","article-title":"Mit\u00e4 vapaaehtoiset vaaratapahtumailmoitukset kertovat? [What do voluntary incident reports tell us?]","volume":"73","author":"Rauhala","year":"2018","journal-title":"L\u00e4\u00e4k\u00e4rilehti"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7237.768","article-title":"Human error: models and management","volume":"320","author":"Reason","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0031","first-page":"1033","article-title":"HaiPro \u2013 millaisista vaaratapahtumista terveyden- huollon yksik\u00f6iss\u00e4 opittiin vuosina 2007\u20132009? [HaiPro \u2013 what types of hazardous events were learned from in healthcare units in 2007\u20132009?]","volume":"127","author":"Ruuhilehto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Duodecim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.12.037","article-title":"Contributory factors and potentially avoidable neonatal encephalopathy associated with perinatal asphyxia","volume":"214","author":"Sadler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogn.2016.02.011","article-title":"Consequences of inadequate staffing include missed care, potential failure to rescue, and job stress and dissatisfaction","volume":"45","author":"Simpson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0034","series-title":"The Economics of Patient Safety in Primary and ambulatory Care: Flying Blind. OECD Health Working Papers No. 106","author":"Slawomirski","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-07227-0","article-title":"Healthcare professionals\u2019 perceptions on medication communication challenges and solutions \u2013 text mining and manual content analysis - cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Syyril\u00e4","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2015.12.010","article-title":"Unfinished nursing care: an important performance measure for nursing care systems","volume":"64","author":"VanFosson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurs. Outlook"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0037","series-title":"Definitions of Key Concepts from the WHO Patient Safety Curriculum Guide","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0038","series-title":"Towards Eliminating Avoidable Harm in Health Care","article-title":"Global patient safety action plan 2021-2030","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0039","series-title":"WMA Declaration of Helsinki \u2013 Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Participants","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogn.2018.03.002","article-title":"Effects of shame and guilt on error reporting among obstetric clinicians","volume":"47","author":"Zabari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/PTS.0000000000001106","article-title":"Linking patient safety climate with missed nursing care in labor and delivery units: findings from the LaborRNs survey","volume":"19","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Patient Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.11.010","article-title":"Risk management and provider liabilities in infantile cerebral palsy based on malpractice litigation cases","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Forensic Leg. Med."}],"container-title":["Midwifery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S026661382600272X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S026661382600272X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:33:59Z","timestamp":1793727239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S026661382600272X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S026661382600272X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968","relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-6138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-6138","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Patient safety incidents in childbirth: analysis of reported cases from 2015 to 2025","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Midwifery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2026.104968","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104968"}}