{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T01:21:10Z","timestamp":1776820870094,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]],"date-time":"2007-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]],"date-time":"2007-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Microbiological Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,20]],"date-time":"2006-10-20T09:11:40Z","timestamp":1161335500000},"page":"353-357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Heat activation\/shock temperatures for Bacillus anthracis spores and the issue of spore plate counts versus true numbers of spores"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Peter C.B.","family":"Turnbull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dody A.","family":"Frawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Bull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib1","unstructured":"Brachfeld, B.A., 1955. Studies on media and heat activation for the demonstration of viability of spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus. PhD thesis. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. Cited by Finlay and Fields (1962)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1128\/am.12.2.106-110.1964","article-title":"Use of calcium dipicolinate for enumeration of total viable endospore populations without heat activation","volume":"12","author":"Busta","year":"1964","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.49.4.335-346.1945","article-title":"Heat activation inducing germination in the spores of thermotolerant and thermophilic aerobic bacteria","volume":"49","author":"Curran","year":"1945","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400015795","article-title":"Studies on respiratory infection with anthrax spores. I. The influence of particle size on respiratory infection with anthrax spores","volume":"51","author":"Druett","year":"1953","journal-title":"J. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.46.6.513-523.1943","article-title":"The accelerating effect of sublethal heat on spore germination and mesophilic aerobic bacteria","volume":"46","author":"Evans","year":"1943","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib6","unstructured":"Favero, M.S., 1967. In: Murrell, W.G. (Ed.), Spore Newsletter, Volume 2, Number 12, pp. 163\u2013164. Cited by Russell, A.D., 1982. The Destruction of Bacterial Spores. 2. Inactivation of Bacterial Spores by Thermal Processes (Moist Heat). II. Heat Activation. Academic Press, London and New York, pp. 30\u201389."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.79.5.755-756.1960","article-title":"Comparison of two heat-shock methods and a phenol treatment method for determining germination rates of spores of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"79","author":"Fernelius","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib8","article-title":"Defensive aspects of biological warfare","volume":"vol. 19","author":"Fildes","year":"1943"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1128\/am.10.3.231-236.1962","article-title":"Heat activation and heat-induced dormancy of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores","volume":"10","author":"Finlay","year":"1962","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.5.1239","article-title":"Postexposure prophylaxis against experimental inhalation anthrax","volume":"167","author":"Friedlander","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400039279","article-title":"Observations on penicillin prophylaxis of experimental inhalation anthrax in the monkey","volume":"60","author":"Gochenour","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Hyg. (Camb.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1962.tb01116.x","article-title":"Microscopical observations on the emergence of cells of Bacillus spp. from spores under different cultural conditions","volume":"5","author":"Gould","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib13","first-page":"325","article-title":"Methods for studying bacterial spores","volume":"vol. 6A","author":"Gould","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400044272","article-title":"Observations on the prophylaxis of experimental pulmonary anthrax in the monkey","volume":"54","author":"Henderson","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Hyg. (Camb.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-30-3-445","article-title":"The swelling of bacterial spores during germination and outgrowth","volume":"30","author":"Hitchins","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1966.tb03501.x","article-title":"Role of disulphide bonds in the resistance of Bacillus cereus spores to gamma irradiation and heat","volume":"29","author":"Hitchins","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700590114","article-title":"Effect of shock-producing substances on experimental anthrax infection in mice","volume":"59","author":"Howie","year":"1947","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib18","series-title":"International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods","first-page":"119","article-title":"Microorganisms in Foods, 1. Their Significance and Methods of Enumeration","author":"ICMSF","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)80112-6","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of experimental anthrax vaccine candidates against inhalation anthrax in rhesus macaques","volume":"16","author":"Ivins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700540304","article-title":"The isolation of B. anthracis from industrial material, with special reference to the resistance of the spores to heat","volume":"54","author":"Jones","year":"1942","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2928","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.10.2928-2936.2000","article-title":"Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis reveals genetic relationships within Bacillus anthracis","volume":"182","author":"Keim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.87.4.876-886.1964","article-title":"Effect of sporulation medium on heat resistance, chemical composition, and germination of Bacillus megaterium spores","volume":"87","author":"Levinson","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.89.5.1180-1185.1965","article-title":"Kinetics of spore germination","volume":"89","author":"McCormick","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib24","first-page":"159","article-title":"Inoculation techniques\u2014 effects due to quality and quantity of inoculum","volume":"vol. 7B","author":"Meyrath","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/48.5.457","article-title":"Thermal death point in spores of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"48","author":"Murray","year":"1931","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.36.5.601","article-title":"Sporulation in distilled water","volume":"36","author":"Powell","year":"1953","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4768","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00234-1","article-title":"In vitro correlate of immunity in a rabbit model of inhalational anthrax","volume":"19","author":"Pitt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1010.040158","article-title":"Boiling and Bacillus spores","volume":"10","author":"Rice","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1987.tb02408.x","article-title":"Factors affecting the germination of spores of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"62","author":"Titball","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib30","first-page":"37","article-title":"Guidance on environments known to be or suspected of being contaminated with anthrax spores","volume":"4","author":"Turnbull","year":"1996","journal-title":"Land Contam. Reclam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib31","series-title":"Guidelines on Surveillance and Control of Anthrax in Humans and Animals. WHO\/EMC\/ZDI\/98.6","author":"Turnbull","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3626","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.8.3626-3634.2004","article-title":"MICs of selected antibiotics for Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus mycoides from a range of clinical and environmental sources as determined by the Etest","volume":"42","author":"Turnbull","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1038\/214812a0","article-title":"Bacillus pantothenticus spores activated by dimethylformamide and dimethylsulphoxide","volume":"214","author":"Widdowson","year":"1967","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Journal of Microbiological Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167701206002818?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167701206002818?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T23:36:59Z","timestamp":1759102619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167701206002818"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0167701206002818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-7012"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-7012","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Heat activation\/shock temperatures for Bacillus anthracis spores and the issue of spore plate counts versus true numbers of spores","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Microbiological Methods","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.09.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}