{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T14:19:40Z","timestamp":1793110780067,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Journal Armed Forces India"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T12:32:49Z","timestamp":1734611569000},"page":"377-385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prevalence and patterns of self-medication practices in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Vaibhav","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sweta","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavya","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chakshu","family":"Ahuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harsh","family":"Kishore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biplab","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib1","series-title":"The Role of the Pharmacist in Self-Care and Self-Medication. Report of the 4th WHO Consultative Group on the Role of the Pharmacist","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2174\/1574884714666191122103953","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of self-medication practices in India: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Rashid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4103\/jpgm.JPGM_381_19","article-title":"Over-the-counter medicines: global perspective and Indian scenario","volume":"66","author":"Marathe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s44250-023-00032-y","article-title":"Regulatory, safety and economic considerations of over-the-counter medicines in the Indian population","volume":"2","author":"Narang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov Health Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.116970","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in India: a review","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nat Sci Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib6","article-title":"Mephentermine use and adverse effects among athletes: a systematic review","author":"Kumari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Subst Use"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.128253","article-title":"Self-medication: a current challenge","volume":"5","author":"Bennadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib8","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054","article-title":"Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and incidence data","volume":"13","author":"Munn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Evid Base Healthc"},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021462","article-title":"Burnout in emergency medicine physicians: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4103\/joco.joco_339_21","article-title":"Prevalence of pediatric cataract in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Tariq","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Contr Clin Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.55085\/aph.2022.585","article-title":"Global, WHO regional, and continental prevalence of self-medication from 2000 to 2018: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Ghasemyani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib15","first-page":"1580","article-title":"Prevalence and cause of self-medication in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis article","volume":"44","author":"Azami-Aghdash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-064627","article-title":"Prevalence of self-medication in Ghana: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Opoku","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5791","article-title":"Prevalence of self-medication practices among pregnant women in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475516653067","article-title":"Antenatal drug consumption: the burden of self-medication in a developing world setting","volume":"47","author":"Adanikin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib19","first-page":"116","article-title":"Medications use among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a cross sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Mohammed","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Pharmaceut Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2005.03.007","article-title":"Self-medication and health insurance coverage in Mexico","volume":"75","author":"Pag\u00e1n","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Pol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib21","article-title":"Self-medication among medical and nonmedical students at the University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"2020","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientifica (Cairo)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-3485.124569","article-title":"Prevalence of self-medication practices and its associated factors in Urban Puducherry, India","volume":"5","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perspect Clin Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.156569","article-title":"Self medication practices among medical students of a private institute","volume":"77","author":"Kasulkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmaceut Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20233701","article-title":"Prevalence, practice, and determinants of self-medication among the common public in a village of Northern Kerala, India","volume":"11","author":"Namboothiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.97175","article-title":"Self-medication practice among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care medical college, West Bengal","volume":"58","author":"Banerjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3126\/ajms.v12i12.39217","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of self-medication in pregnancy: a cross-sectional study from a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India","volume":"12","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20182596","article-title":"Self-medication practices in urban and rural areas of western India: a cross sectional study","volume":"5","author":"Limaye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20205778","article-title":"Self-medication amongst pregnant women in a tertiary care teaching hospital in India","volume":"10","author":"Rangwala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib29","first-page":"247","article-title":"Self medication in dermatological conditions - a northern Indian tertiary hospital experience","volume":"4","author":"Khajuria","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res J Pharmaceut Biol Chem Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib30","first-page":"19","article-title":"Self medication practice among urban slum dwellers in Udupi Taluk, Karnataka, India","volume":"9","author":"Pranav","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.25259\/IJMS_354_2021","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and prevention of self-medication practices among the general population of Gujarat","volume":"74","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_204_20","article-title":"Prevalence of self-medication in rural area of Andhra Pradesh","volume":"9","author":"Rangari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fam Med Prim Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib33","first-page":"411","article-title":"Self-medication practice amongst patients visiting a tertiary-care dental hospital in Central India","volume":"13","author":"Bhambhani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharma.2020.10.012","article-title":"Self-medication practice with analgesics (NSAIDs and acetaminophen), and antibiotics among nursing undergraduates in University College Farasan Campus, Jazan University, KSA","volume":"79","author":"Faqihi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Pharm Fr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.8497","article-title":"Self-medication among basic science medical students of a tertiary care centre: a descriptive cross-sectional study","volume":"62","author":"Lekhak","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Nepal Med Assoc JNMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6470-5","article-title":"Self-medication with over the counter drugs, prevalence of risky practice and its associated factors in pharmacy outlets of Asmara, Eritrea","volume":"19","author":"Tesfamariam","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib37","first-page":"118","article-title":"Self-medication practices and attitude among dental students of a Metro city of North India","volume":"4","author":"Akram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Arch BioMed Clin Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib38","first-page":"1481","article-title":"Prevalence of self-medication practices and its associated factors in rural Bengaluru, Karnataka, India","volume":"3","author":"Saba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3844\/amjsp.2016.7.12","article-title":"Self medication with antibiotics among medical and pharmacy students in North India","volume":"7","author":"Pal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Res Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib40","first-page":"163","article-title":"A study of self medication among the people of Bhopal region, Madhya Pradesh, India","volume":"2","author":"Reetesh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Res J Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.138012","article-title":"Evaluation of self medication practices in rural area of town Sahaswan at Northern India","volume":"4","author":"Ahmad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Med Health Sci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4066\/AMJ.2012.1007","article-title":"Self-medication patterns among medical students in South India","volume":"5","author":"Badiger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Australias Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib43","unstructured":"Promoting rational use of medicines. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/activities\/promoting-rational-use-of-medicines. Accessed on 2 January 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib44","article-title":"Prioritizing intervention measures to prevent inappropriate self-medication practices using the Analytical Hierarchy Process","volume":"5","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2003.04.010","article-title":"Poor adherence to self-medication instructions in children with asthma and their parents","volume":"55","author":"Colland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Patient Educ Counsel"}],"container-title":["Medical Journal Armed Forces India"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0377123724002533?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0377123724002533?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T23:01:29Z","timestamp":1751929289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0377123724002533"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0377123724002533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0377-1237"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0377-1237","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence and patterns of self-medication practices in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Medical Journal Armed Forces India","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.11.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Director General, Armed Forces Medical Services. Published by Elsevier, a division of RELX India Pvt. Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}