{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T21:00:29Z","timestamp":1792616429542,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["mp.uscap.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Modern Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T19:35:22Z","timestamp":1722022522000},"page":"100573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Clinical-Grade Validation of an Autofluorescence Virtual Staining System With Human Experts and a Deep Learning System for Prostate Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Pok Fai","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7917-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carson","family":"McNeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Paparian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Santori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Homyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunal","family":"Nagpal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiam","family":"Jaroensri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellery","family":"Wulczyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadayuki","family":"Yoshitake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Sigman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David F.","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudha","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Hsuan","family":"Cameron Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Restorick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Cimermancic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib46","article-title":"Prostate cancer incidence and mortality: global status and temporal trends in 89 countries from 2000 to 2019","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.23267","article-title":"Evaluation of the use of combined artificial intelligence and pathologist assessment to review and grade prostate biopsies","volume":"3","author":"Steiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54904-6","article-title":"Deep learning enables pathologist-like scoring of NASH models","volume":"9","author":"Heinemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12054","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30535-1","article-title":"Automated Gleason grading of prostate cancer tissue microarrays via deep learning","volume":"8","author":"Arvaniti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30739-9","article-title":"Automated deep-learning system for Gleason grading of prostate cancer using biopsies: a diagnostic study","volume":"21","author":"Bulten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.2485","article-title":"Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for Gleason grading of prostate cancer from biopsy specimens","volume":"6","author":"Nagpal","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-021-00484-y","article-title":"Unsupervised content-preserving transformation for optical microscopy","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Light Sci Appl"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0362-y","article-title":"Virtual histological staining of unlabelled tissue-autofluorescence images via deep learning","volume":"3","author":"Rivenson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-023-01104-7","article-title":"Deep learning-enabled virtual histological staining of biological samples","volume":"12","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Light Sci Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25221-2","article-title":"Deep learning-based transformation of H&E stained tissues into special stains","volume":"12","author":"de Haan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib56","series-title":"Towards virtual H&E staining of hyperspectral lung histology images using conditional generative adversarial networks","first-page":"64","author":"Bayramoglu","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2023.100377","article-title":"An end-to-end platform for digital pathology using hyperspectral autofluorescence microscopy and deep learning based virtual histology","volume":"37","author":"McNeil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000530","article-title":"The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma: definition of grading patterns and proposal for a new grading system","volume":"40","author":"Epstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.09.015","article-title":"Prostate adenocarcinoma grade group 1: rationale for retaining a cancer label in the 2022 World Health Organization classification","volume":"83","author":"Netto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2015-0206-RA","article-title":"Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate: morphologic features, differential diagnoses, significance, and reporting practices","volume":"139","author":"Magers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.02.028","article-title":"The 2016 WHO classification of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs-part B: prostate and bladder tumours","volume":"70","author":"Humphrey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800197","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of a p63\/\u03b1-methyl-CoA-racemase (p504s) cocktail in atypical foci in the prostate","volume":"17","author":"Molini\u00e9","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib63","series-title":"Image-to-image translation with conditional adversarial networks","first-page":"5967","author":"Isola","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib64","series-title":"A comparative evaluation of image-to-image translation methods for stain transfer in histopathology","author":"Zingman","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2018.10.009","article-title":"Pros and cons of GAN evaluation measures","volume":"179","author":"Borji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput Vis Image Underst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-015-0068-x","article-title":"Metrics for evaluating 3D medical image segmentation: analysis, selection, and tool","volume":"15","author":"Taha","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2019.0023","article-title":"Prostate cancer, version 2.2019, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology","volume":"17","author":"Mohler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib68","series-title":"Observer Performance Methods for Diagnostic Imaging: Foundations, Modeling, and Applications With R-Based Examples","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.02.015","article-title":"Methodology of superiority vs. equivalence trials and non-inferiority trials","volume":"46","author":"Christensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib70","series-title":"Guideline on the choice of the non-inferiority margin EMEA\/CPMP\/EWP\/2158\/99","year":"2005"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib71","first-page":"2461","article-title":"Autofluorescence spectroscopy and imaging: a tool for biomedical research and diagnosis","volume":"58","author":"Croce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Histochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0640-y","article-title":"Artificial intelligence assistance significantly improves Gleason grading of prostate biopsies by pathologists","volume":"34","author":"Bulten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib73","first-page":"8093","article-title":"Overfitting in adversarially robust deep learning","volume":"119","author":"Rice","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573_bib74","series-title":"GANs trained by a two time-scale update rule converge to a local Nash equilibrium","author":"Heusel","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Modern Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0893395224001534?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0893395224001534?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T20:28:22Z","timestamp":1762028902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0893395224001534"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0893395224001534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.03.27.24304447","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0893-3952"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-3952","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinical-Grade Validation of an Autofluorescence Virtual Staining System With Human Experts and a Deep Learning System for Prostate Cancer","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Modern Pathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100573","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 United States & Canadian Academy of Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100573"}}