{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T11:46:14Z","timestamp":1792583174161,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["mp.uscap.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Modern Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T16:01:27Z","timestamp":1784304087000},"page":"101039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Current Perspectives on Thyroid Nodule Evaluation: Integrating Cytomorphology, Ultrasound Risk Stratification, and Molecular Testing"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6490-4189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc P.","family":"Pusztaszeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zubair W.","family":"Baloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0020","article-title":"2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"26","author":"Haugen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0898","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules: a review","volume":"319","author":"Durante","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-23-0067","article-title":"2023 European Thyroid Association Clinical Practice Guidelines for thyroid nodule management","volume":"12","author":"Durante","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530323666230201104112","article-title":"Italian guidelines for the management of non-functioning benign and locally symptomatic thyroid nodules","volume":"23","author":"Papini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2024.1938","article-title":"A narrative review of the 2023 Korean Thyroid Association Management Guideline for patients with thyroid nodules","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib6","first-page":"652","article-title":"A deep learning-based artificial intelligence model assisting thyroid nodule diagnosis and management: pilot results for evaluating thyroid malignancy in pediatric cohorts","volume":"35","author":"Ha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000926","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of thyroid nodule","volume":"32","author":"Sekar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2023.1494","article-title":"Prognostic value of preoperative molecular testing and implications for initial surgical management in thyroid nodules harboring suspected (Bethesda V) or known (Bethesda VI) papillary thyroid cancer","volume":"149","author":"Schumm","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4869","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-25-2474","article-title":"Personalized thyroidology: molecular rewiring of thyroid nodule management","volume":"31","author":"Sehgal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2026.102523","article-title":"How genetics changed or will change the therapy in thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology","volume":"87","author":"Muzza","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib11","first-page":"253","article-title":"Cytologic diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland with special regard to the demonstration of amyloid in smears of fine needle aspirates","volume":"16","author":"Ljungberg","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib12","first-page":"17","article-title":"Cytopathology of thyroid nodules","volume":"30","author":"Kini","year":"1982","journal-title":"Henry Ford Hosp Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib13","first-page":"1467","article-title":"A pathologist\u2019s comments on diagnosis of thyroid nodules by fine needle aspiration","volume":"80","author":"Oertel","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(05)70313-3","article-title":"Fine-needle aspiration and the diagnosis of thyroid cancer","volume":"25","author":"Oertel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.20830","article-title":"Diagnostic terminology and morphologic criteria for cytologic diagnosis of thyroid lesions: a synopsis of the National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration State of the Science Conference","volume":"36","author":"Baloch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPPHLWMI3JV4LA","article-title":"The Bethesda System for reporting thyroid cytopathology","volume":"132","author":"Cibas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasc.2023.05.005","article-title":"The 2023 Bethesda System for reporting thyroid cytopathology","volume":"12","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Soc Cytopathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1177\/10507256261429117","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of five societies\u2019 ultrasound risk stratification systems for thyroid malignancy according to nodule size: a comparison using a standardized ultrasound lexicon","volume":"36","author":"Na","year":"2026","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/RUQ.0000000000000420","volume":"35","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Q"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s13193-024-02158-8","article-title":"The impact of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology in the management of thyroid nodule","volume":"16","author":"Riju","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22809","article-title":"Risks of malignancy in the major nongynecologic cytopathology reporting systems: critiques and discussions","volume":"132","author":"Pusztaszeri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000546228","article-title":"Risk of malignancy ranges and category percentage assignment in cytopathology reporting systems: are they useful quality assurance indicators?","volume":"70","author":"Layfield","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.20.24608","article-title":"Update on ACR TI-RADS: successes, challenges, and future directions, from the AJR Special Series on Radiology Reporting and Data Systems","volume":"216","author":"Hoang","year":"2021","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.70093","article-title":"Utility of ACR TI-RADS to determine need for repeat FNA in thyroid nodules with nondiagnostic cytology","volume":"134","author":"Waters","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042220-015032","article-title":"Contemporary management of thyroid nodules","volume":"73","author":"Kobaly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib26","series-title":"Thyroid FNA Cytology","first-page":"67","article-title":"The Japanese reporting system for thyroid aspiration cytology (JRSTAC)","author":"Hirokawa","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib27","series-title":"Thyroid FNA Cytology","first-page":"69","article-title":"Australian system for reporting thyroid cytology","author":"Kumarasinghe","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib28","article-title":"Unveiling variations: a comprehensive comparison of five globally used thyroid cytology reporting systems with histopathological correlation","volume":"16","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000552287","article-title":"The current status of thyroid cytology in the era of new classifications, molecular profiling, and clinical risk stratification","volume":"30","author":"Canberk","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2022.151912","article-title":"Thyroid FNA performed by cytopathologists accompanied by radiologists guiding the ultrasound provide high-level quality results: a retrospective observational study","volume":"58","author":"Borges","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Diagn Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/cyt.13355","article-title":"Resident training in interventional pathology: ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration and rapid on site evaluation-5 years of teaching experience in a single university hospital","volume":"36","author":"Torres-Rivas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.21037\/gs-2019-catp-23","article-title":"Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) for fine needle aspiration of thyroid: benefits, challenges and innovative solutions","volume":"9","author":"Michael","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gland Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.06.014","article-title":"The use of diagnostic patterns for interventional cytopathology during rapid on-site evaluation and final classification","volume":"39","author":"Jassim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-026-04377-8","article-title":"Feasibility of an augmented reality artificial intelligence tool for real-time assessment of thyroid fine-needle aspiration adequacy","volume":"49","author":"Gibbs","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4103\/joc.joc_45_22","article-title":"Diagnostic value of preparing additional liquid-based cytology slides and cell blocks from residue material in thyroid fine needle aspiration","volume":"40","author":"Erdogan-Durmus","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cytol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.25259\/Cytojournal_9_2022","article-title":"The diagnostic value of add-on thyroid cell block in the evaluation of thyroid lesions","volume":"20","author":"Saharti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytojournal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s13193-024-02018-5","article-title":"Utility of liquid-based cytology and conventional smears in fine needle aspirates of thyroid lesions: a comparative study","volume":"16","author":"Osama","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/cyt.13415","article-title":"The evolving role of interventional cytopathology from thyroid FNA to NGS: lessons learned at Federico II University of Naples","volume":"36","author":"Vigliar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib39","series-title":"The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology Definitions, Criteria and Explanatory Notes","author":"Ali","year":"2010"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1159\/000534884","article-title":"Impact of the 3rd edition of the Bethesda System for reporting thyroid cytopathology on grey zone categories","volume":"67","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-023-09795-9","article-title":"The 3rd edition of Bethesda System for reporting thyroid cytopathology: highlights and comments","volume":"35","author":"Juhlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/cyt.13503","article-title":"Malignancy risk, molecular mutations, and surgical outcomes of thyroid nodules classified as atypia of undetermined significance in the Bethesda System: a comprehensive analysis","volume":"37","author":"Bourque","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-022-09707-3","article-title":"Overview of the 2022 WHO classification of thyroid neoplasms","volume":"33","author":"Baloch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-021-00500-6","article-title":"Molecular testing for cytologically suspicious and malignant (Bethesda V and VI) thyroid nodules to optimize the extent of surgical intervention: a retrospective chart review","volume":"50","author":"Hier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.70065","article-title":"Molecular profiling of thyroid nodules on cytologic samples: findings from an Italian multi-institutional cohort","volume":"134","author":"Fiorentino","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22684","article-title":"Risk stratification of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules with nondiagnostic or benign cytology on repeat FNA: implications for molecular testing and surveillance","volume":"131","author":"Hall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.958","article-title":"Management of indeterminate thyroid nodules: a model comparing surgery, molecular testing, and observation","volume":"171","author":"Welschmeyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1159\/000544739","article-title":"Oncocytic tumors in the thyroid: a tri-focal review\u2014integrated cytopathological, pathological, and molecular perspectives","volume":"69","author":"Baloch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.25424","article-title":"Correlation of cytologic features with molecular testing of indeterminate oncocytic (H\u00fcrthle Cell) thyroid lesions","volume":"53","author":"Geetha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1832","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgag044","article-title":"Utility of genomic sequencing classifier in managing cytologically indeterminate oncocytic thyroid nodules","volume":"111","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib51","first-page":"31","article-title":"Significance of oncocytic cells in thyroid fine needle aspiration specimens classified as atypia of undetermined significance","volume":"42","author":"Altinboga","year":"2026","journal-title":"Turk Patoloji Derg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.4158\/EP171805.RA","article-title":"Role of molecular markers in thyroid nodule management: then and now","volume":"23","author":"Nikiforov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22107","article-title":"Sustainable cytopathology in the precision medicine era: exploring new sources for molecular testing in thyroid cytology specimens","volume":"127","author":"Nishino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-23-0135","article-title":"Molecular testing raises thyroid nodule fine needle aspiration diagnostic value","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000829","article-title":"Molecular testing for indeterminate thyroid nodules: past, present, and future","volume":"30","author":"Raghunathan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-026-09917-z","article-title":"Impact of molecular testing on surgical decision-making in indeterminate thyroid nodules: a global meta-analysis across test generations","volume":"37","author":"Nguyen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1177\/10507256261429119","article-title":"Outcomes of patients with RAS-positive Bethesda III and IV cytology thyroid nodules","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-1253","article-title":"New strategies in diagnosing cancer in thyroid nodules: impact of molecular markers","volume":"19","author":"Nikiforov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2017-0174-RA","article-title":"Update on molecular testing for cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules","volume":"142","author":"Nishino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-023-09842-0","article-title":"Molecular testing for thyroid nodules: where are we now?","volume":"25","author":"Ferraz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/path.6456","article-title":"Revisionist history uncovers a simplified molecular-based classification of differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"267","author":"Asa","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22904","article-title":"Parsing the thyroid cytopathology suspicious for malignancy diagnosis through molecular-derived risk of malignancy and other related parameters: insights into nodule characteristics and practice patterns","volume":"133","author":"Starr","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2024.06.066","article-title":"Tumor size and molecular risk group are associated with differentiated thyroid cancer recurrence","volume":"177","author":"Kurtom","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae774","article-title":"Association of BRAF V600E allele frequency with clinicopathologic outcomes in papillary thyroid cancer","volume":"110","author":"Schumm","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22772","article-title":"Molecular-derived risk of malignancy and the related positive call rate of indeterminate thyroid cytology diagnoses as quality metrics for individual cytopathologists","volume":"132","author":"Ohori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3738","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf110","article-title":"Multiplatform molecular testing as an adjunct to fine needle aspiration in the evaluation of pediatric thyroid nodules","volume":"110","author":"Aekka","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/cyt.70004","article-title":"Implementation of a multi-gene molecular panel at fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) thyroid samples: a compelling diagnostic and prognostic model","volume":"36","author":"Margoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-026-09910-6","article-title":"Impact of co-mutations and genetic variations on malignancy risk in RAS-positive indeterminate thyroid nodules: an institutional experience","volume":"37","author":"Wong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2026.03.101","article-title":"From uncertainty to precision: artificial intelligence-enhanced molecular diagnostics for thyroid nodules","volume":"32","author":"Mathew","year":"2026","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.21037\/gs-2019-catp-22","article-title":"The Japanese reporting system for thyroid aspiration cytology 2019 (JRSTAC2019)","volume":"9","author":"Hirokawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gland Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib71","series-title":"Guidance on the Reporting of Thyroid Cytology Specimens","author":"Cross","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/cyt.13411","article-title":"Are we ready to bridge classification systems? A comprehensive review of different reporting systems in thyroid cytology","volume":"35","author":"Rossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib73","series-title":"Italian Consensus for the Classification and Reporting of Thyroid Cytology","first-page":"1","article-title":"History and overview of the 2025 update","author":"Nardi","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v24i3.23","article-title":"Diagnostic value of FNA, ultrasound elastography and CEUS in thyroid carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-025-01858-z","article-title":"Determination of lymph node metastasis using quantitative ultrasound elastography of papillary thyroid carcinoma nodule: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Mohebbi","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-025-02181-5","article-title":"Force-controlled robotic ultrasound elastography enhances diagnostic consistency for thyroid nodules","volume":"17","author":"Yan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22669","article-title":"Application of deep learning as an ancillary diagnostic tool for thyroid FNA cytology","volume":"131","author":"Hirokawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.958310","article-title":"Applications of machine and deep learning to thyroid cytology and histopathology: a review","volume":"13","author":"Slabaugh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpi.2023.100309","article-title":"Current status of machine learning in thyroid cytopathology","volume":"14","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pathol Inform"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labinv.2025.104800","article-title":"515 AIxTHY digital cytopathology platform improves diagnostic accuracy and reduces nondiagnostic interpretations in thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology","volume":"106","author":"Satturwar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4103\/jpi.jpi_43_18","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in cytopathology: a neural network to identify papillary carcinoma on thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology smears","volume":"9","author":"Sanyal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pathol Inform"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2023.24.4.1379","article-title":"Artificial intelligence role in subclassifying cytology of thyroid follicular neoplasm","volume":"24","author":"Alabrak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1159\/000543344","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and whole slide imaging assist in thyroid indeterminate cytology: a systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Poursina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.70092","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in nongynecologic cytology: a systematic review of current research and commercial tools","volume":"134","author":"Byambadorj","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2023.0384","article-title":"Improved diagnostic accuracy of thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology with artificial intelligence technology","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22831","article-title":"Malignant risk of pediatric Bethesda category III thyroid nodules subcategorized by nuclear atypia and other: a single institution experience","volume":"132","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1159\/000546006","article-title":"Comprehensive study of thyroid fine needle aspiration in pediatric and young adults","volume":"69","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgag073","article-title":"Age-specific risk of malignancy in pediatric thyroid cytology: reframing ROM based on pre-test probability","volume":"111","author":"Canberk","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1159\/000551041","article-title":"Updates about thyroid lesions in pediatric population focusing on the ROM from 3rd edition of the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology categories from distinct pediatric series: a review article","volume":"70","author":"Rossi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2303.1990.tb00324.x","article-title":"Fine needle aspiration cytology of medullary thyroid carcinoma: a review of 18 cases","volume":"1","author":"Zeppa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib91","first-page":"920","article-title":"Fine needle aspiration of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Cytomorphology, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy","volume":"39","author":"Collins","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19970225)81:1<40::AID-CNCR9>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"A spectrum of cytomorphologic variations in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Fine-needle aspiration findings in 19 cases","volume":"81","author":"Green","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19981025)84:5<295::AID-CNCR5>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid: accuracy of diagnosis of fine-needle aspiration cytology","volume":"84","author":"Forrest","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215106003264","article-title":"Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma implantation after fine needle aspiration cytology","volume":"121","author":"Abelardo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0150","article-title":"PAX8 is expressed in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration: a study of three cases with histological correlates","volume":"169","author":"Bellevicine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqab159","article-title":"Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: cytomorphologic features on fine-needle aspiration and associated diagnostic challenges","volume":"157","author":"Podany","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2023.0313","article-title":"Optimizing diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy calcitonin measurements in detecting medullary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"34","author":"Cavallo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.25440","article-title":"High sensitivity of fine-needle aspiration calcitonin in detecting medullary thyroid carcinoma is independent of predefined decisional thresholds","volume":"53","author":"Wolde Sellasie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0190","article-title":"Evaluation of the sensitivity to chemotherapeutics or thiazolidinediones of primary anaplastic thyroid cancer cells obtained by fine-needle aspiration","volume":"159","author":"Antonelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"K33","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-22-0366","article-title":"Detection of BRAFV600E by digital PCR on fine-needle aspirate enables rapid initiation of dabrafenib and trametinib in unresectable anaplastic thyroid carcinoma","volume":"187","author":"Buffet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1252503","article-title":"Do large thyroid nodules (\u22654 cm) without suspicious cytology need surgery?","volume":"14","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0265","article-title":"The impact of thyroid nodule size on the risk of malignancy and accuracy of fine-needle aspiration: a 10-year study from a single institution","volume":"22","author":"Shrestha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4103\/1742-6413.122300","article-title":"Pre-analytic steps for molecular testing on thyroid fine-needle aspirations: the goal of good results","volume":"10","author":"Rossi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytojournal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1159\/000481722","article-title":"Characteristics of false-negative thyroid fine-needle aspirates","volume":"62","author":"Renshaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-019-0924-z","article-title":"Causes of misdiagnoses by thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC): our experience and a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1159\/000326192","article-title":"Fine needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid: a cytohistologic study with evaluation of discordant cases","volume":"49","author":"Jogai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0009-CP","article-title":"Performance differences between conventional smears and liquid-based preparations of thyroid fine-needle aspiration samples: analysis of 47,076 responses in the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Non-Gynecologic Cytology","volume":"137","author":"Fischer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.25360","article-title":"Process improvement in thyroid fine needle aspiration: standardizing number of smears for enhanced adequacy and diagnosis","volume":"52","author":"Morse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.08.022","article-title":"Impact of needle gauge selection on sample adequacy in ultrasound-guided thyroid fine-needle aspiration: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Mohebbi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.70139","article-title":"Cumulative cytological assessment of repeated non-diagnostic thyroid fine needle aspirations: a novel approach to reduce diagnostic uncertainty","volume":"54","author":"Damti Geva","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2024.0292","article-title":"Risk stratification of thyroid nodules diagnosed as Bethesda category III by ultrasound, size, and cytology","volume":"25","author":"Ahn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1159\/000535907","article-title":"Pitfalls in thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytopathology: an approach to atypical findings","volume":"68","author":"Juhlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0000000000000368","article-title":"Follicular neoplasm of thyroid revisited: current differential diagnosis and the impact of molecular testing","volume":"30","author":"Ohori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Anat Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1159\/000328300","article-title":"Fine needle aspiration biopsy of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma developing from a H\u00fcrthle cell tumor: a case report","volume":"45","author":"Mai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2025.101686","article-title":"Key data from the 2024 European Thyroid Association annual meeting: thyroid nodule management","volume":"86","author":"Crouzeix","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1177\/10507256251363120","article-title":"2025 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with differentiated thyroid cancer","volume":"35","author":"Ringel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.517","article-title":"RFA and benign thyroid nodules: review of the current literature","volume":"6","author":"Muhammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000739","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) compared to observation for benign thyroid nodules: emerging considerations for judicious use","volume":"29","author":"Sinclair","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaf077","article-title":"Predictors of initial response of thyroid nodules treated with RFA, a multi-endocrinology centers experience from the United States","volume":"9","author":"Aljammal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-025-09639-8","article-title":"Correction: efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for recurrent metastatic thyroid carcinoma to the lateral neck: a systematic review","volume":"283","author":"Galan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"}],"container-title":["Modern Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0893395226000827?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0893395226000827?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T11:27:38Z","timestamp":1792582058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0893395226000827"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0893395226000827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-3952"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-3952","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Current Perspectives on Thyroid Nodule Evaluation: Integrating Cytomorphology, Ultrasound Risk Stratification, and Molecular Testing","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Modern Pathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.modpat.2026.101039","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the United States & Canadian Academy of Pathology.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101039"}}