{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T08:48:19Z","timestamp":1791103699035,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,21]],"date-time":"2006-09-21T11:29:52Z","timestamp":1158838192000},"page":"1587-1597","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Protein kinase R, I\u03baB kinase-\u03b2 and NF-\u03baB are required for human rhinovirus induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in bronchial epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Hewson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasile","family":"Laza-Stanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoy-Tsun H.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naofumi","family":"Mukaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc B.","family":"Hershenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian L.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/35099560","article-title":"Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3","volume":"413","author":"Alexopoulou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)00014-5","article-title":"Essential role for the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase PKR in innate immunity to viral infection","volume":"13","author":"Balachandran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-60471-3_2","article-title":"RNase L: effector nuclease of an activatable RNA degradation system in mammals","volume":"18","author":"Bisbal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Subcell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4532","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.13.4532-4542.2000","article-title":"PKR stimulates NF-kappaB irrespective of its kinase function by interacting with the IkappaB kinase complex","volume":"20","author":"Bonnet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07953-9","article-title":"Frequency, severity, and duration of rhinovirus infections in asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"359","author":"Corne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1086\/375246","article-title":"Rhinovirus induction of the CXC chemokine epithelial-neutrophil activating peptide-78 in bronchial epithelium","volume":"187","author":"Donninger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0385OC","article-title":"Combination therapy: synergistic suppression of virus induced chemokines in airway epithelial cells","volume":"34","author":"Edwards","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.1.9808074","article-title":"Rhinovirus-16 colds in healthy and in asthmatic subjects: similar changes in upper and lower airways","volume":"160","author":"Fleming","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib9","first-page":"879","article-title":"Lower airways inflammation during rhinovirus colds in normal and in asthmatic subjects","volume":"151","author":"Fraenkel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8187","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206963","article-title":"AS602868, a pharmacological inhibitor of IKK2, reveals the apoptotic potential of TNF-alpha in Jurkat leukemic cells","volume":"22","author":"Frelin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2002-0055OC","article-title":"Double-stranded RNA induces the synthesis of specific chemokines by bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"28","author":"Gern","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.6.2003019","article-title":"Relationship of upper and lower airway cytokines to outcome of experimental rhinovirus infection","volume":"162","author":"Gern","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203448","article-title":"Activation of NF-kappa B by the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR involves the I kappa B kinase complex","volume":"19","author":"Gil","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1204109","article-title":"The catalytic activity of dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR, is required for NF-kappaB activation","volume":"20","author":"Gil","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8459","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603082103","article-title":"Essential role of mda-5 in type I IFN responses to polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid and encephalomyocarditis picornavirus","volume":"103","author":"Gitlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5211","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.9.5211","article-title":"Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in rhinovirus-induced cytokine production by bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"165","author":"Griego","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.2.9610079","article-title":"Experimental rhinovirus 16 infection. Effects on cell differentials and soluble markers in sputum in asthmatic subjects","volume":"156","author":"Grunberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00670.x","article-title":"Effect of experimental rhinovirus 16 colds on airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine and interleukin-8 in nasal lavage in asthmatic subjects in vivo","volume":"27","author":"Grunberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12273","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.19.12273-12279.2005","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3 is induced by and mediates antiviral activity against rhinovirus infection of human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"79","author":"Hewson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)01318-4","article-title":"Small molecule inhibitors of the RNA-dependent protein kinase","volume":"308","author":"Jammi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16713","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M300562200","article-title":"Poly(I-C)-induced Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-mediated activation of NFkappa B and MAP kinase is through an interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-independent pathway employing the signaling components TLR3-TRAF6-TAK1-TAB2-PKR","volume":"278","author":"Jiang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6172","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.12.6172","article-title":"Low grade rhinovirus infection induces a prolonged release of IL-8 in pulmonary epithelium","volume":"160","author":"Johnston","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6989.1225","article-title":"Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9\u201311 year old children","volume":"310","author":"Johnston","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1279","article-title":"The IKK NF-kappa B system: a treasure trove for drug development","volume":"3","author":"Karin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.6.3384","article-title":"Role of NF-kappa B in cytokine production induced from human airway epithelial cells by rhinovirus infection","volume":"165","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6288","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.14.6288","article-title":"Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activates transcription factor NF-kappa B by phosphorylating I kappa B","volume":"91","author":"Kumar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7716521","article-title":"Identification of a dual specificity kinase that activates the Jun kinases and p38-Mpk2","volume":"268","author":"Lin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1601","article-title":"HIV-1 TAR RNA has an intrinsic ability to activate interferon-inducible enzymes","volume":"204","author":"Maitra","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6429","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.12.6429","article-title":"Protein kinase R regulates double-stranded RNA induction of TNF-alpha but not IL-1 beta mRNA in human epithelial cells","volume":"168","author":"Meusel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)45336-1","article-title":"Cooperative interaction of nuclear factor-kappa B- and cis-regulatory enhancer binding protein-like factor binding elements in activating the interleukin-8 gene by pro-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"265","author":"Mukaida","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5567","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.20.5567","article-title":"A dynamically tuned double-stranded RNA binding mechanism for the activation of antiviral kinase PKR","volume":"19","author":"Nanduri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36952","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M502449200","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is required for rhinovirus-induced airway epithelial cell interleukin-8 expression","volume":"280","author":"Newcomb","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1086\/314049","article-title":"Chemokine concentrations in nasal washings of infants with rhinovirus illnesses","volume":"31","author":"Pacifico","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1086\/315513","article-title":"Rhinoviruses infect the lower airways","volume":"181","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2001.01112.x","article-title":"Rhinovirus infection up-regulates eotaxin and eotaxin-2 expression in bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"31","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200506-859OC","article-title":"Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations","author":"Papi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30041","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.42.30041","article-title":"Respiratory epithelial cell expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and its up-regulation by rhinovirus infection via NF-kappaB and GATA transcription factors","volume":"274","author":"Papi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9707","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.14.9707","article-title":"Rhinovirus infection induces expression of its own receptor intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) via increased NF-kappaB-mediated transcription","volume":"274","author":"Papi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(00)90082-4","article-title":"Corticosteroids inhibit rhinovirus-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 up-regulation and promoter activation on respiratory epithelial cells","volume":"105","author":"Papi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0118fje","article-title":"Reducing agents inhibit rhinovirus-induced up-regulation of the rhinovirus receptor intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in respiratory epithelial cells","volume":"16","author":"Papi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Faseb J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.4.9712082","article-title":"Asthma and natural colds. Inflammatory indices in induced sputum: a feasibility study","volume":"158","author":"Pizzichini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00539.x","article-title":"Modulation of murine phenobarbital-inducible CYP2A5, CYP2B10 and CYP1A enzymes by inhibitors of protein kinases and phosphatases","volume":"264","author":"Posti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200208-794OC","article-title":"Biopsy neutrophilia, neutrophil chemokine and receptor gene expression in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"168","author":"Qiu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.20.6.3261","article-title":"Rhinovirus replication causes RANTES production in primary bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"20","author":"Schroth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1086\/338570","article-title":"Rhinovirus infection increases 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 in bronchial biopsy specimens from nonatopic subjects","volume":"185","author":"Seymour","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2001.02273.x","article-title":"Mechanism of activation of the double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR: role of dimerization and cellular localization in the stimulation of PKR phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF2)","volume":"268","author":"Vattem","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1087","article-title":"The RNA helicase RIG-I has an essential function in double-stranded RNA-induced innate antiviral responses","volume":"5","author":"Yoneyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.4.1278-1290.2000","article-title":"NF-kappaB activation by double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) is mediated through NF-kappaB-inducing kinase and IkappaB kinase","volume":"20","author":"Zamanian-Daryoush","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2002-0261OC","article-title":"Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase-1 coregulate activator protein-1- and nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated gene expression in airway epithelial cells","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib50","first-page":"L814","article-title":"Rhinovirus stimulation of interleukin-8 in vivo and in vitro: role of NF-kappaB","volume":"273","author":"Zhu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118431","article-title":"Rhinovirus stimulation of interleukin-6 in vivo and in vitro. Evidence for nuclear factor kappa B-dependent transcriptional activation","volume":"97","author":"Zhu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."}],"container-title":["Molecular Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161589006005591?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161589006005591?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T22:52:25Z","timestamp":1683586345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161589006005591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0161589006005591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.08.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-5890"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-5890","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]}}}