{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:14:48Z","timestamp":1789989288405,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,24]],"date-time":"2015-10-24T19:01:31Z","timestamp":1445713291000},"page":"412-420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Development of protective agent against Hottentotta saulcyi venom using camelid single-domain antibody"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Darvish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Behdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Shokrgozar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Pooshang-Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delavar","family":"Shahbazzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-013-9669-1","article-title":"In vivo neutralization of Botulinum neurotoxins serotype E with heavy-chain camelid antibodies (VHH)","volume":"55","author":"Bakherad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0010","first-page":"46","article-title":"Scorpion sting: update","volume":"60","author":"Bawaskar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Phys. India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(87)90187-6","article-title":"Measurement of monoclonal antibody affinity by non-competitive enzyme immunoassay","volume":"100","author":"Beatty","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20090697","article-title":"Identification of potent nanobodies to neutralize the most poisonous polypeptide from scorpion","volume":"424","author":"Ben Abderrazek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.02.012","article-title":"Antivenom the most costeffective treatment in the world?","volume":"55","author":"Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.05.021","article-title":"Epidemiology of scorpionism: a global appraisal","volume":"107","author":"Chippaux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.10.2807-2812.2001","article-title":"Beta-lactamase inhibitors derived from single-domain antibody fragments elicited in the camelidae","volume":"45","author":"Conrath","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4586","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505379103","article-title":"Molecular basis for the preferential cleft recognition by dromedary heavy-chain antibodies","volume":"103","author":"De Genst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0045","first-page":"73","article-title":"The review of status of scorpion sting in Iran and problems from it","volume":"9","author":"Dehghani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Feyz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.06.002","article-title":"Scorpion sting in Iran: a review","volume":"60","author":"Dehghani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2001.01923.x","article-title":"Construction and functional evaluation of a single-chain antibody fragment that neutralizes toxin AahI from the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis hector","volume":"268","author":"Devaux","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0060","series-title":"Probit Analysis","first-page":"331","author":"Finney","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)01062-4","article-title":"Selection and identification of single domain antibody fragments from camel heavy-chain antibodies","volume":"414","author":"Ghahroudi","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00145-7","article-title":"Neutralization of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper (terciopelo) snake venom","volume":"36","author":"Gutierrez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/363446a0","article-title":"Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light-chains","volume":"363","author":"Hamers-Casterman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-007-1142-2","article-title":"Properties, production, and applications of camelid single-domain antibody fragments","volume":"77","author":"Harmsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2008.04.011","article-title":"VHH, bivalent domains and chimeric heavy chain-only antibodies with high neutralizing efficacy for scorpion toxin AahI","volume":"45","author":"Hmila","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-148213","article-title":"A bispecific nanobody to provide full protection against lethal scorpion envenoming","volume":"24","author":"Hmila","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(95)00005-7","article-title":"The scorpion envenoming syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Ismail","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00289-3","article-title":"Treatment of the scorpion envenoming syndrome: 12 years experience with serotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Ismail","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.06.052","article-title":"OD1, the first toxin isolated from the venom of the scorpion Odonthobuthus doriae active on voltage-gated Na+ channels","volume":"579","author":"Jalali","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0110","first-page":"743","article-title":"Epidemiological review of scorpion envenomation in Iran","volume":"13","author":"Jalali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2004.12.060","article-title":"Directed evolution, phage display and combination of evolved mutants: a strategy to recover the neutralization properties of the scFv version of BCF2 a neutralizing monoclonal antibody specific to scorpion toxin Cn2","volume":"346","author":"Juarez-Gonzalez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddtec.2010.03.002","article-title":"Nanobodies-from llamas to therapeutic proteins","volume":"7","author":"Kolkman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today: Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00083-6","article-title":"Effect of antivenom on Buthus occitanus tunetanus (Bot) scorpion venom pharmacokinetics: towards an optimization of antivenom immunotherapy in a rabbit model","volume":"39","author":"Krifi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-974-7_1","article-title":"Use of IMGT databases and tools for antibody engineering and humanization","volume":"907","author":"Lefranc","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2003.10.021","article-title":"Immunized camel sera and derived immunoglobulin subclasses neutralizing Androctonus australis hector scorpion toxins","volume":"42","author":"Meddeb-Mouelhia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01647-0","article-title":"A recombinant single chain antibody fragment that neutralizes toxin II from the venom of the scorpion Androctonus australis hector","volume":"442","author":"Mousli","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0145","first-page":"277","article-title":"Single domain camel antibodies: current status","volume":"74","author":"Muyldermans","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.10.299","article-title":"Camelid immunoglobulins and nanobody technology","volume":"128","author":"Muyldermans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.12980\/APJTB.4.2014C1323","article-title":"Scorpion fauna and epidemiological aspects of scorpionism in southeastern Iran","volume":"4","author":"Nejati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(88)90495-7","article-title":"Antibody-selectable filamentous fd phage vectors: affinity purification of target genes","volume":"73","author":"Parmley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00625.x","article-title":"Scorpion toxins specific for Na+-channels","volume":"264","author":"Possani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0170","first-page":"18","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody (scFv) against the venom of the scorpion Tityus serrulatus produced by phage display technic, is capable to recognize and inhibit the action of the Ts1 toxin","volume":"1","author":"Pucca","year":"2011","journal-title":"EPeQ\/Fafibe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.07.012","article-title":"Scorpion venom components that affect ion-channels function","volume":"76","author":"Quintero-Hernandez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3109\/08820139.2010.542228","article-title":"Nanobody; an old concept and new vehicle for immunotargeting","volume":"40","author":"Rahbarizadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069495","article-title":"In vivo eutralization of a-cobratoxin with high-affinity llama single-domain antibodies (VHHs) and a VHH-Fc antibody","volume":"8","author":"Richard","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51965","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M409292200","article-title":"Single domain antibodies derived from dromedary lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocytes sensing conformational variants of prostate-specific antigen","volume":"279","author":"Saerens","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/eln028","article-title":"Antibody technology in proteomics","volume":"7","author":"Saerens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brief. Funct. Genom. Proteom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2004.01.006","article-title":"Arachnid envenomation","volume":"22","author":"Saucier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.4","article-title":"Tricine-SDS-PAGE","volume":"1","author":"Sch\u00e4gger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.002","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical survey of scorpionism in Khuzestan province, Iran (2003)","volume":"53","author":"Shahbazzadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-009-0116-7","article-title":"Single domain antibodies: promising experimental and therapeutic tools in infection and immunity","volume":"198","author":"Wesolowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.04.021","article-title":"Rapid isolation of single chain antibodies from a human synthetic phage display library for detection of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1B toxin","volume":"81","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."}],"container-title":["Molecular Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161589015300924?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161589015300924?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T11:20:45Z","timestamp":1537269645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161589015300924"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0161589015300924"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-5890"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-5890","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Development of protective agent against Hottentotta saulcyi venom using camelid single-domain antibody","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Molecular Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.10.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}