{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T05:40:40Z","timestamp":1793338840206,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2302403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2302403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006407","name":"Henan Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["252300420122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252300420122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23Z30090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23Z30090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004147","name":"Tsinghua University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004147","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32141004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32141004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81825010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81825010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82302036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82302036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T15:15:13Z","timestamp":1769786113000},"page":"152-161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The dysregulation of B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"190","author":[{"given":"Xinfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yian E.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.03.012","article-title":"TACI deletion protects against progressive murine lupus nephritis induced by BAFF overexpression","volume":"94","author":"Arkatkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI157250","article-title":"Fc\u03b3RIIB regulates autoantibody responses by limiting marginal zone B cell activation","volume":"132","author":"Barlev","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10856","article-title":"A short course of BG9588 (anti-CD40 ligand antibody) improves serologic activity and decreases hematuria in patients with proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis","volume":"48","author":"Boumpas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04642-z","article-title":"TLR7 gain-of-function genetic variation causes human lupus","volume":"605","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807309106","article-title":"A critical role for IL-21 receptor signaling in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus in BXSB-Yaa mice","volume":"106","author":"Bubier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082815","article-title":"NF-kappaB activity marks cells engaged in receptor editing","volume":"206","author":"Cadera","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101921-042422","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Pathogenesis: Interferon and Beyond","volume":"41","author":"Caielli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2025.117018","article-title":"B cell-targeted therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus: Current status and perspectives","volume":"239","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9310","article-title":"An autoimmune disease variant of IgG1 modulates B cell activation and differentiation","volume":"362","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science (New York N. Y. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39020","article-title":"Circulating follicular helper-like T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with disease activity","volume":"67","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601687","article-title":"Disruption of pathogenic cellular networks by IL-21 blockade leads to disease amelioration in murine lupus","volume":"198","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.07.013","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 7 and TLR9 dictate autoantibody specificity and have opposing inflammatory and regulatory roles in a murine model of lupus","volume":"25","author":"Christensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40038","article-title":"Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 7 engagement restores defective effector CD8+ T cell function in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"69","author":"Comte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211499","article-title":"B cell OX40L supports T follicular helper cell development and contributes to SLE pathogenesis","volume":"76","author":"Cortini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI66963","article-title":"A disease-associated PTPN22 variant promotes systemic autoimmunity in murine models","volume":"123","author":"Dai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1314121111","article-title":"TLR8 on dendritic cells and TLR9 on B cells restrain TLR7-mediated spontaneous autoimmunity in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"111","author":"Desnues","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113040","article-title":"Bruton's tyrosine kinase: a promising target for treating systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"142","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112743","article-title":"The reduced frequency of CD39(+)CD73(+) B cell subsets in SLE patients is correlated with disease activity","volume":"140","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01179-5","article-title":"The essential roles of memory B cells in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"20","author":"D\u00f6rner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew262","article-title":"Interferon \u03b1 kinoid induces neutralizing anti-interferon \u03b1 antibodies that decrease the expression of interferon-induced and B cell activation associated transcripts: analysis of extended follow-up data from the interferon \u03b1 kinoid phase I\/II study","volume":"55","author":"Ducreux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatol. (Oxf. Engl. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3918","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30613","article-title":"A phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled study of belimumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits B lymphocyte stimulator, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"63","author":"Furie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI134529","article-title":"TLR3 controls constitutive IFN-\u03b2 antiviral immunity in human fibroblasts and cortical neurons","volume":"131","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2022-000890","article-title":"Improving resource utilisation in SLE drug development through innovative trial design","volume":"10","author":"Garces","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lupus Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2300058","article-title":"Disease in the Pld4thss\/thss model of murine lupus requires TLR9","volume":"7","author":"Gavin","year":"2023","journal-title":"ImmunoHorizons"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0254-9","article-title":"BANK1 interacts with TRAF6 and MyD88 in innate immune signaling in B cells","volume":"17","author":"Georg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051184","article-title":"The role of BANK1 in B cell signaling and disease","volume":"10","author":"G\u00f3mez Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20092712","article-title":"Somatic hypermutation as a generator of antinuclear antibodies in a murine model of systemic autoimmunity","volume":"207","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.472","article-title":"Genome-wide association study in a Chinese Han population identifies nine new susceptibility loci for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"41","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.81","article-title":"Genome-wide association scan in women with systemic lupus erythematosus identifies susceptibility variants in ITGAM, PXK, KIAA1542 and other loci","volume":"40","author":"Harley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00398-2","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"403","author":"Hoi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707865","article-title":"Association of systemic lupus erythematosus with C8orf13-BLK and ITGAM-ITGAX","volume":"358","author":"Hom","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.46689","article-title":"Fc\u03b3RIIB-I232T polymorphic change allosterically suppresses ligand binding","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00526","article-title":"Predominant role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in stimulating systemic autoimmunity","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41811","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and pharmacodynamic effects of the Bruton's Tyrosine kinase inhibitor fenebrutinib (GDC-0853) in systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a Phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"73","author":"Isenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151724","article-title":"B cell IFN-\u03b3 receptor signaling promotes autoimmune germinal centers via cell-intrinsic induction of BCL-6","volume":"213","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.08.015","article-title":"Distinct effector B cells induced by unregulated toll-like receptor 7 contribute to pathogenic responses in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"49","author":"Jenks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40555","article-title":"The lupus-associated fc\u03b3 receptor IIb-I232T polymorphism results in impairment in the negative selection of low-affinity germinal center B cells via c-Abl in mice","volume":"70","author":"Jhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib38","article-title":"The expression of Siglec-10 on naive B cells is involved in the pathology of systemic lupus erythematosus","author":"Ju","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 43 507516"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186073","article-title":"Expression patterns of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family members in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"12","author":"Karampetsou","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40682","article-title":"Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1 engagement inhibits T cell-B cell interaction and diminishes interleukin-6 production and plasmablast differentiation in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"71","author":"Karampetsou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208562","article-title":"Sifalimumab, an anti-interferon-\u03b1 monoclonal antibody, in moderate to severe systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"75","author":"Khamashta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1329","article-title":"Immunotherapeutic uses of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides","volume":"4","author":"Klinman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/381418","article-title":"Expression of toll-like receptors 3, 7, and 9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"2014","author":"Klonowska-Szymczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3216","article-title":"Asia-inclusive global development of enpatoran: results of an ethno-bridging study, intrinsic\/extrinsic factor assessments and disease trajectory modeling to inform design of a phase II multiregional clinical trial","volume":"115","author":"Klopp-Schulze","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib45","article-title":"Phenotyping of P105-negative B cell subsets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"2012","author":"Koarada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-024-05369-w","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation in the pathogenesis of lupus erythematosus","volume":"75","author":"Kurz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.10.010","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 excess leads to pathogenic accumulation of follicular helper T cells and germinal centers","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01310-2","article-title":"Genetic dissection of TLR9 reveals complex regulatory and cryptic proinflammatory roles in mouse lupus","volume":"23","author":"Leibler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.12.024","article-title":"UBE2L3 polymorphism amplifies NF-\u03baB activation and promotes plasma cell development, linking linear ubiquitination to multiple autoimmune diseases","volume":"96","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-024-01068-2","article-title":"Fourth-generation chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy is tolerable and efficacious in treatment-resistant rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008146","article-title":"Cell distance mapping identifies functional T follicular helper cells in inflamed human renal tissue","volume":"6","author":"Liarski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2011.02.005","article-title":"BAFF inhibition: a new class of drugs for the treatment of autoimmunity","volume":"317","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201948363","article-title":"CMTM7 plays key roles in TLR-induced plasma cell differentiation and p38 activation in murine B-1 B cells","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02017-5","article-title":"Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"28","author":"Mackensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1957","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in systemic autoimmune disease","volume":"6","author":"Marshak-Rothstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2022.100176","article-title":"An update on epigenetic regulation in autoimmune diseases","volume":"5","author":"Mei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.012","article-title":"A regulatory feedback between plasmacytoid dendritic cells and regulatory B cells is aberrant in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"44","author":"Menon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2025-005742","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of upadacitinib as monotherapy or combined with elsubrutinib for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: results through 104 weeks in a long-term extension study","volume":"11","author":"Merrill","year":"2025","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210115","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Role of Interferons in Viral and Bacterial Infections","volume":"24","author":"Mertowska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.2.387","article-title":"Systemic exposure to irradiated apoptotic cells induces autoantibody production","volume":"188","author":"Mevorach","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1588486","article-title":"The path less traveled: the non-canonical NF-\u03baB pathway in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"16","author":"Montano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61071148","article-title":"The role of epstein-barr virus in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases","volume":"61","author":"Morawiec","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.12.012","article-title":"Human blood CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T cells are counterparts of T follicular cells and contain specific subsets that differentially support antibody secretion","volume":"34","author":"Morita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252010905","article-title":"Lymphocytes change their phenotype and function in systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis","volume":"25","author":"Moysidou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.887","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of PF-06823859, an anti-interferon \u03b2 monoclonal antibody: a randomized, Phase I, single- and multiple-ascending-dose study","volume":"10","author":"Neelakantan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Drug Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1939","article-title":"Receptor editing in lymphocyte development and central tolerance","volume":"6","author":"Nemazee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib67","first-page":"98","article-title":"Intrarenal production of B-cell survival factors in human lupus nephritis","volume":"24","author":"Neusser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol. Off. J. U. S. Can. Acad. Pathol. Inc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402425","article-title":"Cell-intrinsic expression of TLR9 in autoreactive B cells constrains BCR\/TLR7-dependent responses","volume":"194","author":"N\u00fcndel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10106-2","article-title":"Interferon inducible X-linked gene CXorf21 may contribute to sexual dimorphism in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"10","author":"Odhams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-018-0779-z","article-title":"Role of Bruton's tyrosine kinase in B cells and malignancies","volume":"17","author":"Pal Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22197","article-title":"Expansion of toll-like receptor 9-expressing B cells in active systemic lupus erythematosus: implications for the induction and maintenance of the autoimmune process","volume":"54","author":"Papadimitraki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23678","article-title":"Association of plasma B lymphocyte stimulator levels and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"58","author":"Petri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124978","article-title":"Autoreactive B cell responses to RNA-related antigens due to TLR7 gene duplication","volume":"312","author":"Pisitkun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science (New York N. Y. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07345","article-title":"SAP-controlled T-B cell interactions underlie germinal centre formation","volume":"455","author":"Qi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06786.x","article-title":"Regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in innate immune responses","volume":"1283","author":"Qian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-017-0283-7","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 7 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and the risk for systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study","volume":"77","author":"Raafat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Z. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011286","article-title":"The pathogenesis, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of the interferon pathway in systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases","volume":"22","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80578-6","article-title":"Arrest of B lymphocyte terminal differentiation by CD40 signaling: mechanism for lack of antibody-secreting cells in germinal centers","volume":"8","author":"Randall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1403034","article-title":"The role of PTPN22 risk variant in the development of autoimmunity: finding common ground between mouse and human","volume":"194","author":"Rawlings","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.24","article-title":"Altered B cell signalling in autoimmunity","volume":"17","author":"Rawlings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2021-000537","article-title":"Smoking associates with increased BAFF and decreased interferon-\u03b3 levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"8","author":"Raymond","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lupus Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R108","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3042","article-title":"Decreased frequency and activated phenotype of blood CD27 IgD IgM B lymphocytes is a permanent abnormality in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"12","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Bayona","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26030929","article-title":"Advances in targeted therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus: current treatments and novel approaches","volume":"26","author":"Saegusa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytox.2022.100066","article-title":"Progress of exosome research in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"4","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine. X"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.689472","article-title":"Resistance mutations to BTK inhibitors originate from the NF-\u03baB but not from the PI3K-RAS-MAPK arm of the B cell receptor signaling pathway","volume":"12","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.015","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and Type I interferon promote extrafollicular B cell responses to extracellular self-DNA","volume":"52","author":"Soni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib87","first-page":"506","article-title":"Impaired polyclonal T cell cytolytic activity","volume":"38","author":"Stohl","year":"1995","journal-title":"A Possib. Risk Factor Syst. Lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib88","article-title":"B cell activation and autoantibody production in autoimmune diseases. Best practice & research","volume":"38","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2003.10.003","article-title":"TLR signaling pathways","volume":"16","author":"Takeda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42784","article-title":"CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cell treatment: unraveling the role of B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"76","author":"Taubmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3175","article-title":"Diversity, cellular origin and autoreactivity of antibody-secreting cell population expansions in acute systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"16","author":"Tipton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01898-7","article-title":"The immunology of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"25","author":"Tsokos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2414719","article-title":"A Phase 3 trial of telitacicept for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"393","author":"van Vollenhoven","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803127","article-title":"A kinase-dead allele of Lyn attenuates autoimmune disease normally associated with Lyn deficiency","volume":"182","author":"Verhagen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202760","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of epratuzumab in patients with moderate\/severe active systemic lupus erythematosus: results from EMBLEM, a phase IIb, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study","volume":"73","author":"Wallace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03750-7","article-title":"IL-21 drives expansion and plasma cell differentiation of autoreactive CD11c(hi)T-bet(+) B cells in SLE","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.06.027","article-title":"Allogeneic CD19-targeted CAR-T therapy in patients with severe myositis and systemic sclerosis","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09513-x","article-title":"Loss-of-function mutations in PLD4 lead to systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"647","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13427","article-title":"Association between peripheral activated naive and double negative 2 B-cell subsets and clinical parameters in lupus nephritis patients","volume":"101","author":"Wangriatisak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2022-000739","article-title":"CD4(+) T-cell cooperation promoted pathogenic function of activated na\u00efve B cells of patients with SLE","volume":"9","author":"Wangriatisak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lupus Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9258","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500132102","article-title":"The evolution of human anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibodies","volume":"102","author":"Wellmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1093208","article-title":"Toll-like receptors 7 and 9 regulate the proliferation and differentiation of B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"14","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2025-001705","article-title":"Enpatoran, a first-in-class, selective, orally administered toll-like receptor 7\/8 inhibitor, in systemic and cutaneous lupus erythematosus: results from a randomised, placebo-controlled phase Ib study","volume":"12","author":"Witte","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lupus Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224854","article-title":"Telitacicept in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a phase 2b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"83","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-025-09021-w","article-title":"Age-associated B cells in autoimmune diseases: pathogenesis and clinical implications","volume":"68","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-022-00279-8","article-title":"CD19(+)CD24(high)CD27(+) B cell and interleukin 35 as potential biomarkers of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"62","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160528","article-title":"Impairment on the lateral mobility induced by structural changes underlies the functional deficiency of the lupus-associated polymorphism Fc\u03b3RIIB-T232","volume":"213","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aan0787","article-title":"A PIP(2)-derived amplification loop fuels the sustained initiation of B cell activation","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.06.013","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of belimumab in patients with lupus nephritis: subgroup analyses of a phase 3 randomized trial in the east asian population","volume":"81","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.015","article-title":"B cell-specific XIST complex enforces X-inactivation and restrains atypical B cells","volume":"184","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-010-1029-4","article-title":"The association of the BLK gene with SLE was replicated in Chinese Han","volume":"302","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib112","article-title":"An updated review on abnormal epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091777","article-title":"IL-21 regulates germinal center B cell differentiation and proliferation through a B cell-intrinsic mechanism","volume":"207","author":"Zotos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009_bib114","first-page":"8","article-title":"IFN\u03b3 induces epigenetic programming of human T-bet(hi) B cells and promotes TLR7\/8 and IL-21 induced differentiation","author":"Zumaquero","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"}],"container-title":["Molecular Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161589026000155?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161589026000155?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:51:58Z","timestamp":1776181918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161589026000155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":114,"alternative-id":["S0161589026000155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-5890"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-5890","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The dysregulation of B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Molecular Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molimm.2026.01.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}