{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T03:46:12Z","timestamp":1793677572714,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":357,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000893","name":"Simons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000912","name":"March of Dimes Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000912","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018124","name":"Silver Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018124","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmn.com","cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Molecular Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T23:34:42Z","timestamp":1644795282000},"page":"319-330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["COVID-19 in pregnancy: implications for fetal brain development"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Lydia L.","family":"Shook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elinor L.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie O.","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy H.","family":"Perlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2915-5949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea G.","family":"Edlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1600651","article-title":"Zika virus associated with microcephaly","volume":"374","author":"Mlakar","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00023-08","article-title":"Neuropathogenesis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection: disease mechanisms and prospects for intervention","volume":"22","author":"Cheeran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0029","article-title":"Long-term risk of neuropsychiatric disease after exposure to infection in utero","volume":"76","author":"Al-Haddad","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000236","article-title":"Infections and brain development","volume":"70","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz1960","article-title":"Contributions of maternal and fetal antiviral immunity in congenital disease","volume":"368","author":"Yockey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4015","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-2016-3","article-title":"Maternal infection during pregnancy and autism spectrum disorders","volume":"45","author":"Zerbo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R151","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0232","article-title":"Influence of infection during pregnancy on fetal development","volume":"146","author":"Adams Waldorf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.06.013","article-title":"The fetal origins of mental illness","volume":"221","author":"Al-Haddad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00072","article-title":"Schizophrenia and influenza at the centenary of the 1918\u20131919 Spanish influenza pandemic: mechanisms of psychosis risk","volume":"11","author":"Kepinska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.06.005","article-title":"Maternal infection during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.09.001","article-title":"Maternal hospitalization with infection during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800260109013","article-title":"Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic","volume":"45","author":"Mednick","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17121311","article-title":"Maternal immune activation and neuropsychiatric illness: a translational research perspective","volume":"175","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.12.016","article-title":"Immune involvement in schizophrenia and autism: etiology, pathology and animal models","volume":"204","author":"Patterson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3803","article-title":"The healthy brain and child development study-shedding light on opioid exposure, COVID-19, and health disparities","volume":"78","author":"Volkow","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0080","article-title":"Maternal immune activation as a risk factor for psychiatric illness in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic","volume":"16","author":"Lins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.09.011","article-title":"COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: time for collaborative research","volume":"89","author":"Lopez-Diaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/psychiatryint1010003","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders induced by maternal immune activation: toward a prevention strategy in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"1","author":"Sakurada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108841","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-associated cytokine storm during pregnancy as a possible risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorder development in post-pandemic infants","volume":"201","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4103\/njecp.njecp_45_20","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection during pregnancy may alter fetal brain development predisposing the offspring to neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"9","author":"Okechukwu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nigerian J. Exp. Clin. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0105","series-title":"Data on COVID-19 During Pregnancy: Severity Of Maternal Illness","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009316","article-title":"Universal screening for SARS-CoV-2 in women admitted for delivery","volume":"382","author":"Sutton","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0115","article-title":"Countering COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in pregnancy: the \u201c4 Cs\u201d","author":"Shook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.735394","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy and lactation: current research and gaps in understanding","volume":"11","author":"Shook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0125","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes at one year in offspring of mothers who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy","author":"Edlow","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI87490","article-title":"Risks associated with viral infections during pregnancy","volume":"127","author":"Racicot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12355","article-title":"Viral infections during pregnancy","volume":"73","author":"Silasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000515556","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women: neuroimmune-endocrine changes at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"28","author":"Granja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01629-8","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19, potential neurotropic mechanisms, and therapeutic interventions","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0155","first-page":"932","article-title":"Neurology and neuropsychiatry of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the early literature reveals frequent CNS manifestations and key emerging narratives","volume":"92","author":"Rogers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0160","article-title":"Persistence of neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity among a cohort of children and adolescents","author":"Castro","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30362-X","article-title":"Neuroimaging manifestations in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multinational, multicentre collaborative study","volume":"5","author":"Lindan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2021.01.007","article-title":"Coronavirus infections in the nervous system of children: a scoping review making the case for long-term neurodevelopmental surveillance","volume":"117","author":"Singer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00193-0","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalised children and adolescents in the UK: a prospective national cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Ray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-00978-8","article-title":"Frequency and profile of objective cognitive deficits in hospitalized patients recovering from COVID-19","volume":"46","author":"Jaywant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.662165","article-title":"Association between the COVID-19 pandemic and infant neurodevelopment: a comparison before and during COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0190","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on early child cognitive development: initial findings in a longitudinal observational study of child health","author":"Deoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.5563","article-title":"Association of birth during the COVID-19 pandemic with neurodevelopmental status at 6 months in infants with and without in utero exposure to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Shuffrey","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01825-1","article-title":"Impact of Covid-19 in pregnancy on mother's psychological status and infant's neurobehavioral development: a longitudinal cohort study in China","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0205","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants secondary to in utero exposure to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection: a national prospective study in Kuwait","author":"Ayed","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.10.020","article-title":"Maternal immune activation and autism spectrum disorder: from rodents to nonhuman and human primates","volume":"81","author":"Careaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.705554","article-title":"Advancing autism research from mice to marmosets: behavioral development of offspring following prenatal maternal immune activation","volume":"12","author":"Santana-Coelho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.06.025","article-title":"Activation of the maternal immune system during pregnancy alters behavioral development of rhesus monkey offspring","volume":"75","author":"Bauman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12776","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202556109","article-title":"Modeling an autism risk factor in mice leads to permanent immune dysregulation","volume":"109","author":"Hsiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.03.004","article-title":"Maternal immune activation alters nonspatial information processing in the hippocampus of the adult offspring","volume":"24","author":"Ito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2492","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323287111","article-title":"Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging reveals increased DOI-induced brain activity in a mouse model of schizophrenia","volume":"111","author":"Malkova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.01.011","article-title":"Maternal immune activation yields offspring displaying mouse versions of the three core symptoms of autism","volume":"26","author":"Malkova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2018.12.002","article-title":"Brain changes in a maternal immune activation model of neurodevelopmental brain disorders","volume":"175","author":"Bergdolt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.04.012","article-title":"Maternal immune activation by poly I:C as a preclinical model for neurodevelopmental disorders: a focus on autism and schizophrenia","volume":"113","author":"Haddad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.07.002","article-title":"Beyond infection - maternal immune activation by environmental factors, microglial development, and relevance for autism spectrum disorders","volume":"299","author":"Bilbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.07.011","article-title":"Prenatal poly(I:C) exposure and other developmental immune activation models in rodent systems","volume":"75","author":"Meyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00230","article-title":"Increasing role of maternal immune activation in neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"12","author":"Boulanger-Bertolus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-01-00297.2003","article-title":"Maternal influenza infection causes marked behavioral and pharmacological changes in the offspring","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.06.013","article-title":"The risk for behavioural deficits is determined by the maternal immune response to prenatal immune challenge in a neurodevelopmental model","volume":"42","author":"Missault","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad0314","article-title":"The maternal interleukin-17a pathway in mice promotes autism-like phenotypes in offspring","volume":"351","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2017.04.010","article-title":"Maternal IL-17A in autism","volume":"299","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10695","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2178-07.2007","article-title":"Maternal immune activation alters fetal brain development through interleukin-6","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0295","first-page":"270","article-title":"A novel model for prenatal brain damage. II. Long-term deficits in hippocampal cell number and hippocampal-dependent behavior following neonatal GABAA receptor activation","volume":"181","author":"Nunez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.03.005","article-title":"Effects of prenatal infection on brain development and behavior: a review of findings from animal models","volume":"24","author":"Boksa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.03.009","article-title":"Complement: The emerging architect of the developing brain","volume":"41","author":"Coulthard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13121579","article-title":"Elevated maternal C-reactive protein and increased risk of schizophrenia in a national birth cohort","volume":"171","author":"Canetta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903349","article-title":"IL-1 receptor antagonist protects against placental and neurodevelopmental defects induced by maternal inflammation","volume":"184","author":"Girard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4002042","article-title":"Adult behavioral and pharmacological dysfunctions following disruption of the fetal brain balance between pro-inflammatory and IL-10-mediated anti-inflammatory signaling","volume":"13","author":"Meyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0128-y","article-title":"Maternal IL-6 during pregnancy can be estimated from newborn brain connectivity and predicts future working memory in offspring","volume":"21","author":"Rudolph","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2272-17.2018","article-title":"Maternal immune activation during the third trimester is associated with neonatal functional connectivity of the salience network and fetal to toddler behavior","volume":"38","author":"Spann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.05.027","article-title":"Maternal systemic interleukin-6 during pregnancy is associated with newborn amygdala phenotypes and subsequent behavior at 2 years of age","volume":"83","author":"Graham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.04.020","article-title":"Maternal Interleukin-6 concentration during pregnancy is associated with variation in frontolimbic white matter and cognitive development in early life","volume":"185","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China","volume":"71","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102763","article-title":"Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0308-3","article-title":"COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy","volume":"20","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103250","article-title":"Maternal immune responses and obstetrical outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 and possible health risks of offspring","volume":"143","author":"Cavalcante","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8925","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19","volume":"368","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0328-z","article-title":"COVID-19: a case for inhibiting IL-17?","volume":"20","author":"Pacha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.03.005","article-title":"Th17 responses in cytokine storm of COVID-19: an emerging target of JAK2 inhibitor fedratinib","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155431","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 infection on the cytokine profile of pregnant women: a prospective case-control study","volume":"140","author":"Tanacan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.03.028","article-title":"Pregnancy alters interleukin-1 beta expression and antiviral antibody responses during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection","volume":"225","author":"Sherer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0395","first-page":"591","article-title":"Maternal respiratory SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy is associated with a robust inflammatory response at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"2","author":"Lu-Culligan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med (N Y)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabi7428","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abi7428","article-title":"Maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits sexually dimorphic placental immune responses","volume":"13","author":"Bordt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0405","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infects syncytiotrophoblast and activates inflammatory responses in the placenta","author":"Argueta","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0410","series-title":"The New York Times 26 November","author":"Lu-Culligan","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.30455","article-title":"Assessment of maternal and neonatal SARS-CoV-2 viral load, transplacental antibody transfer, and placental pathology in pregnancies during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"3","author":"Edlow","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0639-4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 can infect the placenta and is not associated with specific placental histopathology: a series of 19 placentas from COVID-19-positive mothers","volume":"33","author":"Hecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27745-z","article-title":"Maternal-fetal immune responses in pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"13","author":"Garcia-Flores","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01049-2","article-title":"The legacy of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on the immunology of the neonate","volume":"22","author":"Gee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0435","article-title":"Single-cell immunophenotyping of the fetal immune response to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in late gestation","author":"Matute","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01145","article-title":"Maternal immune activation alters fetal brain development and enhances proliferation of neural precursor cells in rats","volume":"11","author":"Baines","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23841","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03216-9","article-title":"Distinct trans-placental effects of maternal immune activation by TLR3 and TLR7 agonists: implications for schizophrenia risk","volume":"11","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.04.019","article-title":"Influence of poly(I:C) variability on thermoregulation, immune responses and pregnancy outcomes in mouse models of maternal immune activation","volume":"80","author":"Mueller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.01.015","article-title":"Maternal immune activation by LPS selectively alters specific gene expression profiles of interneuron migration and oxidative stress in the fetus without triggering a fetal immune response","volume":"26","author":"Oskvig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09972","article-title":"A transient placental source of serotonin for the fetal forebrain","volume":"472","author":"Bonnin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.10.005","article-title":"Fetal, maternal, and placental sources of serotonin and new implications for developmental programming of the brain","volume":"197","author":"Bonnin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1896","article-title":"Serotonin modulates the response of embryonic thalamocortical axons to netrin-1","volume":"10","author":"Bonnin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0475","article-title":"The influence of maternal metabolic state and nutrition on offspring neurobehavioral development: a focus on preclinical models","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz204","article-title":"Placental serotonin signaling, pregnancy outcomes, and regulation of fetal brain development","volume":"102","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00047","article-title":"Placental serotonin: implications for the developmental effects of SSRIs and maternal depression","volume":"7","author":"Velasquez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2014.05.001","article-title":"The impact of leptin on perinatal development and psychopathology","volume":"61\u201362","author":"Valleau","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2007.09.012","article-title":"Adult brain and behavioral pathological markers of prenatal immune challenge during early\/middle and late fetal development in mice","volume":"22","author":"Meyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.04.031","article-title":"Preliminary evidence for a modulation of fetal dopaminergic development by maternal immune activation during pregnancy","volume":"154","author":"Meyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pyw007","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyw007","article-title":"Maternal immune activation disrupts dopamine system in the offspring","volume":"19","author":"Luchicchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1019","article-title":"Changes in melanocortin expression and inflammatory pathways in fetal offspring of nonhuman primates fed a high-fat diet","volume":"151","author":"Grayson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.129","article-title":"Late prenatal immune activation in mice leads to behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities relevant to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia","volume":"35","author":"Bitanihirwe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.02.007","article-title":"Maternal immune activation induced by lipopolysaccharide triggers immune response in pregnant mother and fetus, and induces behavioral impairment in adult rats","volume":"100","author":"Simoes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00762-9","article-title":"Maternal immune activation in mice disrupts proteostasis in the fetal brain","volume":"24","author":"Kalish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1644-y","article-title":"The microbiota regulate neuronal function and fear extinction learning","volume":"574","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-002-0605-x","article-title":"Apoptosis and microglial activation in influenza encephalopathy","volume":"105","author":"Nakai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.06.001","article-title":"Controversies and prospects about microglia in maternal immune activation models for neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"73","author":"Smolders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.09.028","article-title":"Prenatal infection leads to ASD-like behavior and altered synaptic pruning in the mouse offspring","volume":"63","author":"Fernandez de Cossio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.01.005","article-title":"Maternal immune activation-induced PPARgamma-dependent dysfunction of microglia associated with neurogenic impairment and aberrant postnatal behaviors in offspring","volume":"125","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00698","article-title":"Microglia and beyond: innate immune cells as regulators of brain development and behavioral function","volume":"9","author":"Lenz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202529","article-title":"Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development","volume":"333","author":"Paolicelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2017.00009","article-title":"Function and dysfunction of microglia during brain development: consequences for synapses and neural circuits","volume":"9","author":"Paolicelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Synaptic Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113810","article-title":"The complement system: an unexpected role in synaptic pruning during development and disease","volume":"35","author":"Stephan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.09.011","article-title":"Maternal immune activation during pregnancy impacts on brain structure and function in the adult offspring","volume":"83","author":"Kreitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20202071","article-title":"Gatekeepers of the fetus: characterization of placental macrophages","volume":"218","author":"Megli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062921","article-title":"Placental immune responses to viruses: molecular and histo-pathologic perspectives","volume":"22","author":"Narang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719114537720","article-title":"Influenza, immune system, and pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Raj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13870","article-title":"Classification system and case definition for SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates","volume":"99","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.29256","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes among women with and without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection","volume":"3","author":"Adhikari","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.4298","article-title":"Outcomes of neonates born to mothers with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection at a large medical center in New York City","volume":"175","author":"Dumitriu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6944e2","article-title":"Birth and infant outcomes following laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy - SET-NET, 16 Jurisdictions, March 29-October 14, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Woodworth","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flaherman, V.J. et al. Infant outcomes following maternal infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): first report from the Pregnancy Coronavirus Outcomes Registry (PRIORITY) Study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 73, e2810\u2013e2813.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1411"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2021.100386","article-title":"Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2: consider the denominator","volume":"3","author":"Shook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.07.049","article-title":"Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"224","author":"Kotlyar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.698578","article-title":"Inefficient placental virus replication and absence of neonatal cell-specific immunity upon SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Tallarek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104447","article-title":"Evidence and possible mechanisms of rare maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"128","author":"Egloff","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00681-5","article-title":"Unlikely SARS-CoV-2 transmission during vaginal delivery","volume":"28","author":"Fenizia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2021-0164-ED","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infecting pregnant women and the fetus, intrauterine transmission, and placental pathology during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: it\u2019s complicated","volume":"145","author":"Schwartz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2020-000859","article-title":"COVID-19 in pregnancy: the foetal perspective - a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Dube","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0655","article-title":"Potential risk of brain damage and poor developmental outcomes in children prenatally exposed to SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Leyser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Paul Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0660","series-title":"Proceedings of Radiological Society of North America Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, USA","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy: does fetal MRI show signs of impaired fetal brain development?","author":"Koliogiannis","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23642","article-title":"Ultrasound and Doppler findings in pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"58","author":"Soto-Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0670","article-title":"Novel targets of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in human fetal brain development suggest early pregnancy vulnerability","volume":"14","author":"Varma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0675","article-title":"Infection mechanism of SARS-COV-2 and its implication on the nervous system","volume":"11","author":"Reza-Zald\u00edvar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00719-9","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood-brain barrier accompanied with basement membrane disruption without tight junctions alteration","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20202135","article-title":"Neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2 in human and mouse brain","volume":"218","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00303","article-title":"Human cerebral organoids and fetal brain tissue share proteomic similarities","volume":"7","author":"Nascimento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.09.016","article-title":"Human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cells and brain organoids reveal SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism predominates in choroid plexus epithelium","volume":"27","author":"Jacob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.10.001","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infects the brain choroid plexus and disrupts the blood-CSF barrier in human brain organoids","volume":"27","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2021.01.016","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 targets glial cells in human cortical organoids","volume":"16","author":"McMahon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7047e1","article-title":"Risk for stillbirth among women with and without COVID-19 at delivery hospitalization - United States, March 2020-September 2021","volume":"70","author":"DeSisto","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101129","article-title":"Transmission, viral kinetics and clinical characteristics of the emergent SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Guangzhou, China","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0720","article-title":"Hospital admission and emergency care attendance risk for SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) compared with alpha (B.1.1.7) variants of concern: a cohort study","author":"Twohig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.09.008","article-title":"Increasing severity of COVID-19 in pregnancy with Delta (B.1.617.2) variant surge","volume":"226","author":"Adhikari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004595","article-title":"Association of the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with pregnancy outcomes","volume":"138","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2021-000053","article-title":"Severity of maternal infection and perinatal outcomes during periods of SARS-CoV-2 wildtype, alpha, and delta variant dominance in the UK: prospective cohort study","author":"Vousden","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0740","article-title":"Delta spike P681R mutation enhances SARS-CoV-2 fitness over Alpha variant","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12945","article-title":"Proteolytic activation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein","volume":"66","author":"Takeda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00783","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq identifies cell subsets in human placenta that highly expresses factors driving pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"8","author":"Ashary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00250-21","article-title":"Term human placental trophoblasts express SARS-CoV-2 entry factors ACE2, TMPRSS2, and Furin","volume":"6","author":"Ouyang","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa089","article-title":"Placental pathology in COVID-19","volume":"154","author":"Shanes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-021-03097-3","article-title":"Placenta histopathology in SARS-CoV-2 infection: analysis of a consecutive series and comparison with control cohorts","volume":"479","author":"Bertero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac008","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 placentitis associated with B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant and fetal distress or demise","volume":"225","author":"Shook","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.19124","article-title":"Association of SARS-CoV-2 test status and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"324","author":"Ahlberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16339","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia-like syndrome induced by severe COVID-19: a prospective observational study","volume":"127","author":"Mendoza","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004339","article-title":"Disease severity and perinatal outcomes of pregnant patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"137","author":"Metz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.1050","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality among pregnant women with and without COVID-19 infection: the INTERCOVID Multinational Cohort Study","volume":"175","author":"Villar","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.0306","article-title":"Association of preeclampsia in term births with neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring","volume":"77","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0800","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years for preterm children born at 22 to 34 weeks\u2019 gestation in France in 2011: EPIPAGE-2 cohort study","volume":"358","author":"Pierrat","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0334-7","article-title":"Increased synapse elimination by microglia in schizophrenia patient-derived models of synaptic pruning","volume":"22","author":"Sellgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01287-w","article-title":"Umbilical cord blood-derived microglia-like cells to model COVID-19 exposure","volume":"11","author":"Sheridan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0815","article-title":"Single cell profiling of Hofbauer cells and fetal brain microglia reveals shared programs and functions","author":"Ceasrine","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.01.004","article-title":"Patient-derived in vitro models of microglial function and synaptic engulfment in schizophrenia","author":"Sheridan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194637","article-title":"Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages","volume":"330","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13989","article-title":"Tissue-resident macrophages originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors","volume":"518","author":"Gomez Perdiguero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22393","article-title":"Development and homeostasis of \u201cresident\u201d myeloid cells: the case of the microglia","volume":"61","author":"Gomez Perdiguero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004_bb5000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2022-0029-SA","article-title":"Placental tissue destruction and insufficiency from COVID-19 causes stillbirth and neonatal death from hypoxic-ischemic injury: a study of 68 cases with SARS-CoV-2 placentitis from 12 countries","author":"Schwartz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."}],"container-title":["Trends in Molecular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471491422000454?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471491422000454?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T07:24:22Z","timestamp":1761463462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1471491422000454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1471491422000454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4914"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4914","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"COVID-19 in pregnancy: implications for fetal brain development","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Molecular Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.02.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}