{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:36:41Z","timestamp":1790883401773,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmn.com","cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Molecular Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T02:24:47Z","timestamp":1650507887000},"page":"542-554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":249,"title":["Adverse effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: the spike hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6179-2772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis P.","family":"Trougakos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Terpos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Alexopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Politou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Paraskevis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Scorilas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efstathios","family":"Kastritis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Andreakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meletios A.","family":"Dimopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01191-8","article-title":"Individual and community-level risk for COVID-19 mortality in the United States","volume":"27","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2918-0","article-title":"Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"590","author":"O\u2019Driscoll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03207-w","article-title":"Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"591","author":"Gaebler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16002.2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected in blood products from patients with COVID-19 is not associated with infectious virus","volume":"5","author":"Andersson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0025","first-page":"1843","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x","article-title":"Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019","volume":"581","author":"W\u00f6lfel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60361","article-title":"Early postmortem mapping of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in patients with COVID-19 and the correlation with tissue damage","volume":"10","author":"Deinhardt-Emmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19057-5","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality","volume":"11","author":"Fajnzylber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0968-3","article-title":"Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01030-z","article-title":"A global effort to dissect the human genetic basis of resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"23","author":"Andreakos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00840-x","article-title":"Untuned antiviral immunity in COVID-19 revealed by temporal type I\/III interferon patterns and flu comparison","volume":"22","author":"Galani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-020-00703-5","article-title":"Insights to SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathophysiology, and rationalized treatments that target COVID-19 clinical complications","volume":"28","author":"Trougakos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101615","article-title":"Expression profiling meta-analysis of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, the putative anti-inflammatory receptor and priming protease of SARS-CoV-2 in human cells, and identification of putative modulators","volume":"36","author":"Gkogkou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01227-z","article-title":"Single-cell meta-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes across tissues and demographics","volume":"27","author":"Muus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.035","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 is an interferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cells and is detected in specific cell subsets across tissues","volume":"181","author":"Ziegler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01433-3","article-title":"Long COVID in a prospective cohort of home-isolated patients","volume":"27","author":"Blomberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.701501","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines based on the spike glycoprotein and implications of new viral variants","volume":"12","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Flores","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00418-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00369-6","article-title":"Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action","volume":"6","author":"Heinz","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0105","series-title":"Comirnaty Assessment Report COVID-19 Vaccine Comirnaty. EMA\/707383\/2020 Corr.1*1","author":"European Medicines Agency","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0110","series-title":"Moderna Assessment Report COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna. EMA\/15689\/2021 Corr.1*1","author":"European Medicines Agency","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.01.030","article-title":"Allergic reactions and anaphylaxis to LNP-based COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"29","author":"Moghimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.03.008","article-title":"Future considerations for the mRNA\u2013lipid nanoparticle vaccine platform","volume":"48","author":"Igy\u00e1rt\u00f3","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00283-5","article-title":"mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation","volume":"20","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12522","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c07197","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine frontrunners and their nanotechnology design","volume":"14","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj4176","article-title":"Durability of mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"373","author":"Pegu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03653-6","article-title":"BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and poly-specific T cells in humans","volume":"595","author":"Sahin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02090-6","article-title":"Comparative kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike protein RBD IgGs and neutralizing antibodies in convalescent and na\u00efve recipients of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine versus COVID-19 patients","volume":"19","author":"Trougakos","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.002","article-title":"Protection from SARS-CoV-2 Delta one year after mRNA-1273 vaccination in rhesus macaques coincides with anamnestic antibody response in the lung","volume":"185","author":"Gagne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110475","article-title":"Safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide setting","volume":"385","author":"Barda","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2021.108786","article-title":"Neurologic adverse events among 704,003 first-dose recipients of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in Mexico: a nationwide descriptive study","volume":"229","author":"Garc\u00eda-Grimshaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.15072","article-title":"Surveillance for adverse events after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination","volume":"326","author":"Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01556-7","article-title":"Neurological complications after first dose of COVID-19 vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"27","author":"Patone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0175","article-title":"Characterizing the incidence of adverse events of special interest for COVID-19 vaccines across eight countries: a multinational network cohort study","volume":"373","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.24110","article-title":"Myocarditis cases reported after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination in the US From December 2020 to August 2021","volume":"327","author":"Oster","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2021.2833","article-title":"Myocarditis following immunization with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in members of the US military","volume":"6","author":"Montgomery","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0190","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination-associated myocarditis in children ages 12\u201317: a stratified national database analysis","author":"Hoeg","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.0101","article-title":"Myocarditis following COVID-19 BNT162b2 vaccination among adolescents in Hong Kong","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2019.100766","article-title":"Three decades of messenger RNA vaccine development","volume":"28","author":"Verbeke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanotoday"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103479","article-title":"The mRNA\u2013LNP platform\u2019s lipid nanoparticle component used in preclinical vaccine studies is highly inflammatory","volume":"24","author":"Ndeupen","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.12.027","article-title":"Added to pre-existing inflammation, mRNA\u2013lipid nanoparticles induce inflammation exacerbation (IE)","volume":"344","author":"Parhiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00634-z","article-title":"A core\u2013shell structured COVID-19 mRNA vaccine with favorable biodistribution pattern and promising immunity","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.08.007","article-title":"Expression kinetics of nucleoside-modified mRNA delivered in lipid nanoparticles to mice by various routes","volume":"217","author":"Pardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2019.01.013","article-title":"Optimization of lipid nanoparticles for intramuscular administration of mRNA vaccines","volume":"15","author":"Hassett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab465","article-title":"Circulating SARS-CoV-2 vaccine antigen detected in the plasma of mRNA-1273 vaccine recipients","volume":"74","author":"Ogata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100637","article-title":"Cutting edge: circulating exosomes with COVID spike protein are induced by BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccination prior to development of antibodies: a novel mechanism for immune activation by mRNA vaccines","volume":"207","author":"Bansal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5827","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175857","article-title":"Monitoring serum spike protein with disposable photonic biosensors following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination","volume":"21","author":"Cognetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm0829","article-title":"mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern","volume":"374","author":"Goel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000677","article-title":"Sustained but declining humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 at 9 months postvaccination with BNT162b2: a prospective evaluation in 309 healthy individuals","volume":"6","author":"Terpos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.1c00080","article-title":"Native-like SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein expressed by ChAdOx1 nCoV-19\/AZD1222 vaccine","volume":"7","author":"Watanabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108915","article-title":"Linear epitope landscape of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein constructed from 1,051 COVID-19 patients","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0265","article-title":"Peptide mimicrying between SARS coronavirus spike protein and human proteins reacts with SARS patient serum","volume":"2008","author":"Hwa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-020-09152-6","article-title":"Molecular mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and mammalian proteomes: implications for the vaccine","volume":"68","author":"Kanduc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.202010079","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 structural coverage map reveals viral protein assembly, mimicry, and hijacking mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"O\u2019Donoghue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.74974","article-title":"Vaccine-induced COVID-19 mimicry syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Kowarz","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.049","article-title":"A therapeutic non-self-reactive SARS-CoV-2 antibody protects from lung pathology in a COVID-19 hamster model","volume":"183","author":"Kreye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0290","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike antagonizes innate antiviral immunity by targeting interferon regulatory factor 3","volume":"11","author":"Freitas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0295","article-title":"Neuro-COVID long-haulers exhibit broad dysfunction in T cell memory generation and responses to vaccination","author":"Visvabharathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcibr2113694","article-title":"A possible role for anti-idiotype antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination","volume":"386","author":"Murphy","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd3876","article-title":"Prothrombotic autoantibodies in serum from patients hospitalized with COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03631-y","article-title":"Diverse functional autoantibodies in patients with COVID-19","volume":"595","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03791-x","article-title":"Systems vaccinology of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in humans","volume":"596","author":"Arunachalam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E147","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26468","article-title":"Third dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine results in very high levels of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2: results of a prospective study in 150 health professionals in Greece","volume":"97","author":"Terpos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.09.001","article-title":"Immune imprinting and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design","volume":"42","author":"Wheatley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.018","article-title":"Immune imprinting, breadth of variant recognition and germinal center response in human SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination","volume":"185","author":"R\u00f6ltgen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03743","article-title":"Angiotensin II mediates angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 internalization and degradation through an angiotensin II type I receptor-dependent mechanism","volume":"64","author":"Deshotels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.04.010","article-title":"ACE2 Down-regulation may act as a transient molecular disease causing RAAS dysregulation and tissue damage in the microcirculatory environment among COVID-19 patients","volume":"191","author":"Ramos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.053","article-title":"Soluble ACE2-mediated cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 via interaction with proteins related to the renin\u2013angiotensin system","volume":"184","author":"Yeung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.510461","article-title":"Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2","volume":"111","author":"Ferrario","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5628","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525078113","article-title":"Pathological Ace2-to-Ace enzyme switch in the stressed heart is transcriptionally controlled by the endothelial Brg1-FoxM1 complex","volume":"113","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052824","article-title":"Lack of evidence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression and replicative infection by SARS-CoV-2 in human endothelial cells","volume":"143","author":"McCracken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.05.007","article-title":"COVID-19 vasculopathy: mounting evidence for an indirect mechanism of endothelial injury","volume":"191","author":"Nicosia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.11.006","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed in the microvasculature and ducts of human pancreas but are not enriched in \u03b2 cells","volume":"32","author":"Coate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2020.151682","article-title":"Endothelial cell damage is the central part of COVID-19 and a mouse model induced by injection of the S1 subunit of the spike protein","volume":"51","author":"Nuovo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318902","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein impairs endothelial function via downregulation of ACE 2","volume":"128","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.687783","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces degradation of junctional proteins that maintain endothelial barrier integrity","volume":"8","author":"Raghavan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L477","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00223.2021","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunit S1 induces COVID-19-like acute lung injury in \u039a18-hACE2 transgenic mice and barrier dysfunction in human endothelial cells","volume":"321","author":"Colunga Biancatelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210735","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein disrupts human cardiac pericytes function through CD147 receptor-mediated signalling: a potential non-infective mechanism of COVID-19 microvascular disease","volume":"135","author":"Avolio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00735-21","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein destabilizes microvascular homeostasis","volume":"9","author":"Panigrahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.033","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on cellular heparan sulfate and ACE2","volume":"183","author":"Clausen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061419","article-title":"ACE2-independent interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with human epithelial cells is inhibited by unfractionated heparin","volume":"10","author":"Partridge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.112","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein causes blood coagulation and thrombosis by competitive binding to heparan sulfate","volume":"193","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00954-7","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 binds platelet ACE2 to enhance thrombosis in COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9041","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22169041","article-title":"Cell-free hemoglobin does not attenuate the effects of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit in pulmonary endothelial cells","volume":"22","author":"Jana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0430","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces abnormal inflammatory blood clots neutralized by fibrin immunotherapy","author":"Ryu","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9070712","article-title":"High prevalence of anti-PF4 antibodies following ChAdOx1 nCov-19 (AZD1222) vaccination even in the absence of thrombotic events","volume":"9","author":"Terpos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25589-1","article-title":"Sequences in the cytoplasmic tail of SARS-CoV-2 spike facilitate expression at the cell surface and syncytia formation","volume":"12","author":"Cattin-Ortol\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021108944","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants display enhanced spike-mediated syncytia formation","volume":"40","author":"Rajah","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00587-21","article-title":"D614G substitution of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein increases syncytium formation and virus titer via enhanced furin-mediated spike cleavage","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2021.06.056","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein removes lipids from model membranes and interferes with the capacity of high-density lipoprotein to exchange lipids","volume":"602","author":"Correa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.3390\/v13102056","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike impairs DNA damage repair and inhibits V(D)J recombination in vitro","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0465","first-page":"2278","article-title":"Epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition induced by SARS-CoV-2 required transcriptional upregulation of Snail","volume":"11","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8226","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158226","article-title":"The effects of A\u03b2(1\u201342) binding to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2","volume":"22","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0475","article-title":"The spatial and cell-type distribution of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in the human and mouse brains","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00771-8","article-title":"The S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood\u2013brain barrier in mice","volume":"24","author":"Rhea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-021-10029-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein disrupts blood\u2013brain barrier integrity via RhoA activation","volume":"16","author":"DeOre","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. NeuroImmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab595","article-title":"T-cell expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and binding of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2","volume":"225","author":"Welch","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123279","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its receptor binding domain promote a proinflammatory activation profile on human dendritic cells","volume":"10","author":"Barreda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0500","article-title":"The Pfizer-BNT162b2 mRNA-based vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 may be responsible for awakening the latency of herpes varicella-zoster virus","volume":"18","author":"Maldonado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060572","article-title":"Reactivation of varicella zoster virus after vaccination for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"9","author":"Psichogiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.3390\/v13102021","article-title":"Spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 induce pathological changes in molecular delivery and metabolic function in the brain endothelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112209","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1-mediated endothelial injury and pro-inflammatory state is amplified by dihydrotestosterone and prevented by mineralocorticoid antagonism","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122537","article-title":"Differential effect of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein 1 on human bronchial and alveolar lung mucosa models: implications for pathogenicity","volume":"13","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166260","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike promotes inflammation and apoptosis through autophagy by ROS-suppressed PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling","volume":"1867","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. basis Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00794-21","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces paracrine senescence and leukocyte adhesion in endothelial cells","volume":"95","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12223","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced host inflammatory response signature in human corneal epithelial cells","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2021.108765","article-title":"Effective DNA damage response after acute but not chronic immune challenge: SARS-CoV-2 vaccine versus systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"229","author":"Ntouros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjaa067","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and boosts proinflammatory activity","volume":"12","author":"Petruk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7941","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157941","article-title":"Boosted pro-inflammatory activity in human PBMCs by LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is regulated by \u03b1-1 antitrypsin","volume":"22","author":"Tumpara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02593-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein S1 induces neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglia","volume":"59","author":"Olajide","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002097","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein co-opts VEGF-A\/neuropilin-1 receptor signaling to induce analgesia","volume":"162","author":"Moutal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.68563","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces inflammation via TLR2-dependent activation of the NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25254","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010722117","article-title":"Superantigenic character of an insert unique to SARS-CoV-2 spike supported by skewed TCR repertoire in patients with hyperinflammation","volume":"117","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002742RR","article-title":"Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 activates macrophages and contributes to induction of acute lung inflammation in male mice","volume":"35","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.12.007","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 subunit induces neuroinflammatory, microglial and behavioral sickness responses: evidence of PAMP-like properties","volume":"100","author":"Frank","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109504","article-title":"Systemic IL-15, IFN-\u03b3, and IP-10\/CXCL10 signature associated with effective immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine recipients","volume":"36","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01387-6","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in a patient with colorectal cancer after vaccination with BNT162b2","volume":"27","author":"Au","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe4832","article-title":"Senolytics reduce coronavirus-related mortality in old mice","volume":"373","author":"Camell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040390","article-title":"mRNA-based vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Kowalzik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21060","article-title":"The liver as an immunological organ","volume":"43","author":"Racanelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.112","article-title":"Modulation of liver tolerance by conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells and regulatory immune cells","volume":"13","author":"Horst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2021.102745","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: new-onset or flare-up?","volume":"125","author":"Avci","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.09.031","article-title":"Immune-mediated hepatitis with the Moderna vaccine, no longer a coincidence but confirmed","volume":"76","author":"Zin Tun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010137","article-title":"The ABCs of antigen presentation by stromal non-professional antigen-presenting cells","volume":"23","author":"Harryvan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00203-21","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein stabilized in the closed state induces potent neutralizing responses","volume":"95","author":"Carnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2180-5","article-title":"Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor","volume":"581","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30527-0","article-title":"Comparison of the characteristics, morbidity, and mortality of COVID-19 and seasonal influenza: a nationwide, population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Piroth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1467","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"174","author":"Castagnoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa691","article-title":"On the effect of age on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in households, schools, and the community","volume":"223","author":"Goldstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04345-x","article-title":"Local and systemic responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults","volume":"602","author":"Yoshida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01780-9","article-title":"Safety, tolerability and viral kinetics during SARS-CoV-2 human challenge in young adults","author":"Killingley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0762-x","article-title":"Single-cell landscape of immunological responses in patients with COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg8985","article-title":"Clonal analysis of immunodominance and cross-reactivity of the CD4 T cell response to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"372","author":"Low","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.151463","article-title":"Airway antibodies emerge according to COVID-19 severity and wane rapidly but reappear after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination","volume":"6","author":"Cagigi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-01037-9","article-title":"Pre-activated antiviral innate immunity in the upper airways controls early SARS-CoV-2 infection in children","volume":"40","author":"Loske","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7517","article-title":"US case reports of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination, March 2 to April 21, 2021","volume":"325","author":"See","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041451","article-title":"Matrix-MTM adjuvant induces local recruitment, activation and maturation of central immune cells in absence of antigen","volume":"7","author":"Reimer","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Trends in Molecular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471491422001034?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471491422001034?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T07:24:49Z","timestamp":1761463489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1471491422001034"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1471491422001034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4914"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4914","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adverse effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: the spike hypothesis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Molecular Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.04.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}