{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:41:09Z","timestamp":1793421669661,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008658","name":"German Cancer Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022790","name":"Hector Stiftung II","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001610","name":"Falk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001610","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009954","name":"Taiho Pharmaceutical","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009954","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmn.com","cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Molecular Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T08:10:01Z","timestamp":1750666201000},"page":"1089-1102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Gastric cancer: from biomarkers to functional precision medicine"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekin","family":"Karabati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias P.","family":"Ebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9549-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Betge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0005","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.1965.64.1.31","article-title":"The two histological main types of gastric carcinoma: diffuse and so-called intestinal-type carcinoma. An attempt at a histo-clinical classification","volume":"64","author":"Lauren","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13480","article-title":"Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma","volume":"513","author":"Bass","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3850","article-title":"Molecular analysis of gastric cancer identifies subtypes associated with distinct clinical outcomes","volume":"21","author":"Cristescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61121-X","article-title":"Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"376","author":"Bang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2408121","article-title":"Pembrolizumab in HER2-positive gastric cancer","volume":"391","author":"Janjigian","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00515-6","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy for HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer (KEYNOTE-859): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","volume":"24","author":"Rha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00797-2","article-title":"First-line nivolumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for advanced gastric, gastro-oesophageal junction, and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (CheckMate 649): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"398","author":"Janjigian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70420-6","article-title":"Ramucirumab plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel in patients with previously treated advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (RAINBOW): a double-blind, randomised phase 3 trial","volume":"15","author":"Wilke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004413","article-title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan in previously treated HER2-positive gastric cancer","volume":"382","author":"Shitara","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.03077","article-title":"Randomized, Phase II study of trastuzumab beyond progression in patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: WJOG7112G (T-ACT study)","volume":"38","author":"Makiyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02992-x","article-title":"Trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer: exploratory biomarker analysis of the randomized, phase 2 DESTINY-Gastric01 trial","volume":"30","author":"Shitara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0065","first-page":"1150","article-title":"Efficacy of ipilimumab vs FOLFOX in combination with nivolumab and trastuzumab in patients with previously untreated ERBB2-positive esophagogastric adenocarcinoma: the AIO INTEGA randomized clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Stein","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00358-3","article-title":"First-line regorafenib with nivolumab and chemotherapy in advanced oesophageal, gastric, or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer in the USA: a single-arm, single-centre, phase 2 trial","volume":"24","author":"Cytryn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.08.1488","article-title":"First-line rilvegostomig (rilve) + chemotherapy (CTx) in patients (pts) with HER2-negative (HER2\u2212) locally advanced unresectable or metastatic gastric cancers: first report of GEMINI-Gastric sub study 2","volume":"35","author":"Herrero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7624","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-1547","article-title":"Claudin-18 splice variant 2 is a pan-cancer target suitable for therapeutic antibody development","volume":"14","author":"Sahin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.05.007","article-title":"A phase I dose-escalation study of IMAB362 (zolbetuximab) in patients with advanced gastric and gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","volume":"100","author":"Sahin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00620-7","article-title":"Zolbetuximab plus mFOLFOX6 in patients with CLDN18.2-positive, HER2-negative, untreated, locally advanced unresectable or metastatic gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (SPOTLIGHT): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","volume":"401","author":"Shitara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02465-7","article-title":"Zolbetuximab plus CAPOX in CLDN18.2-positive gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: the randomized, phase 3 GLOW trial","volume":"29","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.4_suppl.454","article-title":"Updated efficacy results of ASKB589 combined with CAPOX and PD-1 inhibitor as first-line treatment for metastatic gastric\/gastro-esophageal junction (G\/GEJ) adenocarcinoma from a phase Ib\/II study","volume":"43","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-17-0296","article-title":"Mechanisms of acquired resistance to trastuzumab emtansine in breast cancer cells","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00579-0","article-title":"Targeting HER2-positive breast cancer: advances and future directions","volume":"22","author":"Swain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-2781","article-title":"Biomarkers of primary resistance to trastuzumab in HER2-positive metastatic gastric cancer patients: the AMNESIA case-control study","volume":"24","author":"Pietrantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6833","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51271-3","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and ctDNA correlates for CAPOX BETR: a phase II trial of capecitabine, oxaliplatin, bevacizumab, trastuzumab in previously untreated advanced HER2+ gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316522","article-title":"Liquid biopsies to track trastuzumab resistance in metastatic HER2-positive gastric cancer","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2023.09.1436","article-title":"1523P Phase II dose optimization results from MOUNTAINEER-02: a study of tucatinib, trastuzumab, ramucirumab, and paclitaxel for HER2+ gastroesophageal cancer (GEC)","volume":"34","author":"Tehfe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.10.004","article-title":"KN026 (anti-HER2 bispecific antibody) in patients with previously treated, advanced HER2-expressing gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer","volume":"178","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00215-2","volume":"24","author":"Van Cutsem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0145","article-title":"Prevalence of FGFR2b protein overexpression in advanced gastric cancers during prescreening for the Phase III FORTITUDE-101 trial","volume":"9","author":"Rha","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCO Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.603","article-title":"FGFR2 gene amplification and clinicopathological features in gastric cancer","volume":"106","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-024-01466-w","article-title":"Bemarituzumab as first-line treatment for locally advanced or metastatic gastric\/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: final analysis of the randomized phase 2 FIGHT trial","volume":"27","author":"Wainberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2022.40.16_suppl.TPS4164","article-title":"Trial in progress: Phase 3 study of bemarituzumab + mFOLFOX6 versus placebo + mFOLFOX6 in previously untreated advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer with FGFR2b overexpression (FORTITUDE-101)","volume":"40","author":"Smyth","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2022.40.16_suppl.TPS4165","article-title":"Trial in progress: Phase 1b\/3 study of bemarituzumab + mFOLFOX6 + nivolumab versus mFOLFOX6 + nivolumab in previously untreated advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer with FGFR2b overexpression (FORTITUDE-102)","volume":"40","author":"Wainberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15486","article-title":"Phase I study of the irreversible fibroblast growth factor receptor 1\u20134 inhibitor futibatinib in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors","volume":"114","author":"Doi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00275-9","article-title":"Erdafitinib in patients with advanced solid tumours with FGFR alterations (RAGNAR): an international, single-arm, phase 2 study","volume":"24","author":"Pant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-1246","article-title":"High-level clonal FGFR amplification and response to FGFR inhibition in a translational clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Pearson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2023.09.1439","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of infigratinib in locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma patients with FGFR2 gene amplification","volume":"34","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2023.04.482","article-title":"Phase 2 study of futibatinib in patients with specific FGFR aberrations: activity in patients with gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer harboring FGFR2 amplification","volume":"34","author":"Satoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.60.0320","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind Phase II trial with prospective classification by ATM protein level to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of olaparib plus paclitaxel in patients with recurrent or metastatic gastric cancer","volume":"33","author":"Bang","year":"2015","journal-title":"JCO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30682-4","article-title":"Olaparib in combination with paclitaxel in patients with advanced gastric cancer who have progressed following first-line therapy (GOLD): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"18","author":"Bang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4044","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.4044","article-title":"A phase 2 single-arm study of berzosertib in combination with irinotecan in patients with progressive TP53 mutant gastric and gastro-esophageal junction cancer","volume":"41","author":"Stockton","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108169","article-title":"Replicative stress in gastroesophageal cancer is associated with chromosomal instability and sensitivity to DNA damage response inhibitors","volume":"26","author":"Sahgal","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-0442","article-title":"Tumor genomic profiling guides patients with metastatic gastric cancer to targeted treatment: the VIKTORY umbrella trial","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-1260","article-title":"Targeted therapies for targeted populations: anti-EGFR treatment for EGFR-amplified gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Maron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00671-9","article-title":"The current state of the art and future trends in RAS-targeted cancer therapies","volume":"19","author":"Punekar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-022-00334-z","article-title":"Comprehensive pan-cancer genomic landscape of KRAS altered cancers and real-world outcomes in solid tumors","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Onc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0022-x","article-title":"Targeting wild-type KRAS-amplified gastroesophageal cancer through combined MEK and SHP2 inhibition","volume":"24","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2024-3317","article-title":"KRAS multi inhibitor BI 3706674 shows efficacy in KRAS-driven preclinical models of cancer that supports clinical testing in patients with tumors harbouring KRASG12V mutations and KRAS wild-type amplifications","volume":"84","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.61","article-title":"HER2, MET and FGFR2 oncogenic driver alterations define distinct molecular segments for targeted therapies in gastric carcinoma","volume":"110","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.5580","article-title":"Effect of fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin with or without onartuzumab in HER2-negative, MET-positive gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: the METGastric randomized clinical trial","volume":"3","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30566-1","article-title":"Rilotumumab plus epirubicin, cisplatin, and capecitabine as first-line therapy in advanced MET-positive gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (RILOMET-1): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"18","author":"Catenacci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-0748","article-title":"Molecular heterogeneity and receptor coamplification drive resistance to targeted therapy in MET-amplified esophagogastric cancer","volume":"5","author":"Kwak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.3_suppl.363","article-title":"A phase 2, open-label study of amivantamab in patients with previously treated advanced or metastatic gastric or esophageal cancer","volume":"42","author":"Kotani","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0270","article-title":"Clinical implementation of simultaneous multiple biomarkers testing for metastatic or recurrent gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: a single-institutional experience","volume":"5","author":"Okazaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESMO Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-1408","article-title":"Personalized antibodies for gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (PANGEA): a Phase II study evaluating an individualized treatment strategy for metastatic disease","volume":"11","author":"Catenacci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.00971","article-title":"Open-label, multicenter, randomized, biomarker-integrated umbrella trial for second-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer: K-Umbrella gastric cancer study","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.7","article-title":"Liquid biopsies come of age: towards implementation of circulating tumour DNA","volume":"17","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-14-0001","article-title":"Patient-derived xenograft models: an emerging platform for translational cancer research","volume":"4","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3954","article-title":"High-throughput screening using patient-derived tumor xenografts to predict clinical trial drug response","volume":"21","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-11-0233","article-title":"A pilot clinical study of treatment guided by personalized tumorgrafts in patients with advanced cancer","volume":"10","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx416","article-title":"Patient-derived xenografts effectively capture responses to oncology therapy in a heterogeneous cohort of patients with solid tumors","volume":"28","author":"Izumchenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314549","article-title":"Human gastric cancer modelling using organoids","volume":"68","author":"Seidlitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01919-3","article-title":"Stratifying esophago-gastric cancer treatment using a patient-derived organoid-based threshold","volume":"23","author":"Schm\u00e4che","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-023-02683-4","article-title":"Precision medicine applied to metastatic colorectal cancer using tumor-derived organoids and in-vitro sensitivity testing: a phase 2, single-center, open-label, and non-comparative study","volume":"42","author":"Jensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.04.018","article-title":"Breast cancer-on-chip for patient-specific efficacy and safety testing of CAR-T cells","volume":"31","author":"Maulana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0101-z","article-title":"Comprehensive molecular characterization of clinical responses to PD-1 inhibition in metastatic gastric cancer","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a012716","article-title":"DNA damage sensing by the ATM and ATR kinases","volume":"5","author":"Mar\u00e9chal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2018.09.007","article-title":"Synthetically lethal interactions of ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs","volume":"4","author":"Kantidze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-23-0496","article-title":"Molecular landscape and clinical implication of CCNE1-amplified esophagogastric cancer","volume":"4","author":"Rustgi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70102-5","article-title":"Capecitabine and cisplatin with or without cetuximab for patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer (EXPAND): a randomised, open-label phase 3 trial","volume":"14","author":"Lordick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70024-5","article-title":"Gefitinib for oesophageal cancer progressing after chemotherapy (COG): a phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial","volume":"15","author":"Dutton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70096-2","article-title":"Epirubicin, oxaliplatin, and capecitabine with or without panitumumab for patients with previously untreated advanced oesophagogastric cancer (REAL3): a randomised, open-label phase 3 trial","volume":"14","author":"Waddell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1159\/000362671","article-title":"Phase II multicentered study of low-dose everolimus plus cisplatin and weekly 24-hour infusion of high-dose 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin as first-line treatment for patients with advanced gastric cancer","volume":"87","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.48.3552","article-title":"Everolimus for previously treated advanced gastric cancer: results of the randomized, double-blind, phase III GRANITE-1 study","volume":"31","author":"Ohtsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33025","article-title":"Phase III randomized, double-blind study of paclitaxel with and without everolimus in patients with advanced gastric or esophagogastric junction carcinoma who have progressed after therapy with a fluoropyrimidine\/platinum-containing regimen (RADPAC)","volume":"147","author":"Lorenzen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.11.017","article-title":"A phase II, randomised study of mFOLFOX6 with or without the Akt inhibitor ipatasertib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer","volume":"108","author":"Bang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e823","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyad059","article-title":"AZD8186 in combination with paclitaxel in patients with advanced gastric cancer: results from a Phase Ib\/II study (KCSG ST18-20)","volume":"28","author":"Suh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29363","article-title":"Phase 2 study of MK-2206, an allosteric inhibitor of AKT, as second-line therapy for advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer: a SWOG cooperative group trial (S1005)","volume":"121","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-1077-z","article-title":"Evaluation of molecular subtypes and clonal selection during establishment of patient-derived tumor xenografts from gastric adenocarcinoma","volume":"3","author":"Peille","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5413","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-1853","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of AZD6422, an armored chimeric antigen receptor T cell targeting CLDN18.2 in gastric, pancreatic, and esophageal cancers","volume":"30","author":"Barrett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.07.038","article-title":"Atlas of metastatic gastric cancer links ferroptosis to disease progression and immunotherapy response","volume":"167","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5884","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-1166","article-title":"A comprehensive PDX gastric cancer collection captures cancer cell-intrinsic transcriptional MSI traits","volume":"79","author":"Corso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0007-6","article-title":"Organoids in cancer research","volume":"18","author":"Drost","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.047","article-title":"Wnt signaling shapes the histologic variation in diffuse gastric cancer","volume":"160","author":"Togasaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2774","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids model treatment response of metastatic gastrointestinal cancers","volume":"359","author":"Vlachogiannis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.09.016","article-title":"A comprehensive human gastric cancer organoid biobank captures tumor subtype heterogeneity and enables therapeutic screening","volume":"23","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3802","article-title":"Modeling colorectal cancer using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated engineering of human intestinal organoids","volume":"21","author":"Matano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.03.053","article-title":"Prospective derivation of a living organoid biobank of colorectal cancer patients","volume":"161","author":"van de Wetering","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.027","article-title":"Divergent routes toward Wnt and R-spondin niche independency during human gastric carcinogenesis","volume":"174","author":"Nanki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-018-0104-6","article-title":"Modelling cancer in microfluidic human organs-on-chips","volume":"19","author":"Sontheimer-Phelps","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2023.03.009","article-title":"Epithelial\u2013stromal interactions in Barrett's esophagus modeled in human organ chips","volume":"2","author":"Shimshoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastro Hep. Adv."}],"container-title":["Trends in Molecular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471491425001182?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471491425001182?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T16:34:06Z","timestamp":1764779646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1471491425001182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1471491425001182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4914"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4914","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gastric cancer: from biomarkers to functional precision medicine","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Molecular Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}